Degrading a key cancer cell-surface protein to invigorate immune attack on tumors

One powerful way cancer cells defend against tumor-killing immune cells is to load up their cell surface with a protein known as PD-L1. Now a team of researchers has identified a method to degrade tumor cell-surface PD-L1, thereby making tumors susceptible to immune attack.

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How sleep builds relational memory

Researchers describe biological mechanism that allows sleep to build relational memories -- associations between unrelated items.

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The secret to a longer lifespan? Gene regulation holds a clue

Researchers investigated genes connected to lifespan. Their research uncovered specific characteristics of these genes and revealed that two regulatory systems controlling gene expression -- circadian and pluripotency networks -- are critical to longevity. The findings have implications both in understanding how longevity evolves and in providing new targets to combat aging and age-related diseases.

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Oil spill remediation: Research confirms effectiveness of oil dispersants

Chemical dispersants are some of the best tools to clean up after an oil spill. However, scientists do not fully understand how well they work. A new study validated their efficacy in order to better prepare for the next disaster.

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Your liver is just under three years old

The liver has a unique ability to regenerate after damage. However, it was unknown whether this ability decreases as we age. Scientists have now used a technique known as retrospective radiocarbon birth dating to determine the age of the human liver. They showed that no matter the person's age, the liver is always on average less than three years old. The results demonstrate that aging does not influence liver renewal, making the liver an organ that generally replaces its cells equally well in young and old people.

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Electrical pulses to the back of the neck found to restore breathing after drug use

Breathing difficulties are the main cause of death following opioid use. In the UK, the number of adults entering treatment for opioid use was 140,863 in 2020/211 and opioid use remains a significant cause of premature death, contributing to 3,726 drug-related deaths last year. Opioid misuse causes death by supressing respiratory activity. New research points to a novel treatment for respiratory depression associated with opioid use that administers electrical pulses to the back of the neck, helping patients regain respiratory control following high dosage opioid use. This could offer an alternative to pharmacological treatments, which can cause withdrawal symptoms, heart problems and can negatively affect the central nervous system.

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Roundworms offer new insights into Bardet-Biedl syndrome

Scientists have identified a new role for a protein complex at the center of a human genetic disorder called Bardet-Biedl syndrome, or BBS, for which there is currently no cure.

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What's in a name? Glimmers of evolution in naming babies, choosing a dog

Maverick was first used as a baby name after a television show called 'Maverick' aired in the 1950s, but its popularity rose meteorically in 1986 with the release of the movie 'Top Gun.' Today, it is even used for baby girls.

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Ultrasound-guided microbubbles boost immunotherapy efficacy

Researchers have developed an ultrasound-guided cancer immunotherapy platform that generates systemic antitumor immunity and improves the therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade.

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Ultrasound-guided microbubbles boost immunotherapy efficacy

Researchers have developed an ultrasound-guided cancer immunotherapy platform that generates systemic antitumor immunity and improves the therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade.

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The paired perils of breast cancer and diabetes

Researchers have discovered a mechanism linking breast cancer and diabetes, each of which promotes development and growth of the other.

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The paired perils of breast cancer and diabetes

Researchers have discovered a mechanism linking breast cancer and diabetes, each of which promotes development and growth of the other.

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Fjords emit as much methane as all the deep oceans globally

During heavy storms, the normally stratified layers of water in ocean fjords get mixed, which leads to oxygenation of the fjord floor. But these storm events also result in a spike in methane emissions from fjords to the atmosphere. Researchers have estimated that the total emissions of this climate-warming gas are as great from fjords as from all the deep ocean areas in the world put together.

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Spines of life: Fast-breeding sea urchin provides new model for genetic research

Researchers have established the sea urchin species Temnopleurus reevesii as a new model for genetic research. Unlike urchins previously used as biological models, T. reevesii has a short breeding cycle and other features that make it ideal for genetic studies. The team created two genome databases that will contribute to numerous fields, and enable future studies to find an even better model for medical and life science research.

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New route to build materials out of tiny particles

Researchers have found a new way to build synthetic materials out of tiny glass particles -- so-called colloids. They showed that they can simply use the shape of these colloids to make interesting building blocks for new materials, regardless of other properties of the colloidal particles.

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Modelling the behavior and dynamics of microswimmers

The understanding of the clustering and movement of microswimmers has a range of applications from human health to tackling ecological problems.

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New gels could help the medicine go down

Researchers have created a drug-delivering gel could make it easier for children and adults who have trouble swallowing pills to take their medications.

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Novel sensors enable precise measurement of dopamine

Dopamine is an important signalling molecule for nerve cells. Its concentration could not be precisely determined with both high spatial or temporal resolution until now. A new method has now made this possible: A research team used modified carbon nanotubes that glow brighter in the presence of the messenger substance dopamine. These sensors visualize the release of dopamine from nerve cells with unprecedented resolution.

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New method allows easy, versatile synthesis of lactone molecules

Chemists' technique for turning cheap dicarboxylic acids into complex lactones could boost industries from pharmaceuticals to plastics.

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Algorithms help to distinguish diseases at the molecular level

Machine learning is playing an ever-increasing role in biomedical research. Scientists have now developed a new method of using molecular data to extract subtypes of illnesses. In the future, this method can help to support the study of larger patient groups.

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Breathing to win: Scientists show importance of screening breathing patterns in athletic populations

Dysfunctional breathing patterns are associated with a high risk of musculoskeletal conditions, resulting in poor physical performance. Now, a study has found that among athletes across age groups, there is a high prevalence of dysfunctional breathing patterns. Effective intervention strategies are required to restore normal breathing patterns and prevent injuries among athletes to ensure their superior performance and health.

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A unique catalyst paves the way for plastic upcycling

A recently developed catalyst for breaking down plastics continues to advance plastic upcycling processes. In 2020, scientists developed the first processive inorganic catalyst to deconstruct polyolefin plastics into molecules that can be used to create more valuable products. Now, the team has developed and validated a strategy to speed up the transformation without sacrificing desirable products.

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3D in a snap: Next generation system for imaging organoids

A team of researchers has built a better system to quickly produce high-resolution 3D images in real time, providing a quantitative analysis of organoids.

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Producers and consumers must share burden of global plastic packaging waste

Plastic packaging waste is everywhere. Our plastic bottles, food wrappings, and grocery bags litter the landscape and pollute the global environment. A new study explores the global patterns of plastic packaging waste. The study finds three countries -- the U.S., Brazil, and China -- are the top suppliers of waste.

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Arc volcanoes are wetter than previously thought, with scientific and economic implications

The percentage of water in arc volcanoes, which form above subduction zones, may be far more than many previous studies have calculated. This increased amount of water has broad implications for understanding how Earth's lower crust forms, how magma erupts through the crust, and how economically important mineral ore deposits form, according to a new article.

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Deaf children with learning delays benefit from cochlear implants more than hearing aids

Typically, infants with hearing loss are first treated with hearing aids, and if these fail to help them develop early language and speech skills, they then become eligible for cochlear implants at 12 months or older. Cochlear implants -- considered the gold standard of treatment -- are small, electronic devices surgically placed under the skin that stimulate nerve endings in the ear to provide a sense of sound. A new study demonstrates the need for early cochlear implant use for deaf children, regardless of developmental impairments.

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New research on tidal flats is 'wake up call' for US coastal communities

About 41 million people in live in U.S. Atlantic coastline counties. There isn't an effective way to identify the impact of urban growth on tidal flats -- the guardians of beachfront communities. Researchers have developed a new way to quantify these impacts from a geographic lens focused on place and space using data over three decades. Analyzing the annual dynamics of three highly urbanized coastal counties in the southeastern U.S., results show that tidal flats in these three counties urgently need a sustainable plan of management in response to the rapid expansion of urban areas. Importantly, their new technique can be revised and applied to the entire U.S. as research now is limited to individual cities.

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Girls' chance of success at school in Sub-Saharan Africa shaped by language they are taught in

A new report argues that efforts to increase girls' participation in education in different parts of Africa should assess the detrimental effect teaching in English is having on learning.

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The right moisturizer for children with eczema is the one that they like to use, study finds

The Best Emollients for Eczema trial has found that no one type of moisturizer is better than another. This study highlights the importance of patient education and choice when deciding which moisturizers to use for children with eczema.

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First Australians ate giant eggs of huge flightless birds, ancient proteins confirm

Scientists settle debate surrounding species that laid eggs exploited by early Australian people around 50,000 years ago. Shell proteins point to Genyornis, which was among the 'mega-fauna' to go extinct a few thousand years after humans arrived on the continent.

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Researchers teleport quantum information across rudimentary quantum network

Researchers have succeeded in teleporting quantum information across a rudimentary network. This first of its kind is an important step towards a future quantum Internet. This breakthrough was made possible by a greatly improved quantum memory and enhanced quality of the quantum links between the three nodes of the network.

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Curbing other climate pollutants, not just CO2, gives Earth a chance

Slashing emissions of carbon dioxide by itself isn't enough to prevent catastrophic global warming, a new study shows. But if we simultaneously also reduce emissions of methane and other often overlooked climate pollutants, we could cut the rate of global warming in half by 2050 and give the world a fighting chance.

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Significant energy savings using neuromorphic hardware

New research illustrates neuromorphic technology is up to sixteen times more energy-efficient for large deep learning networks than other AI systems.

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Researchers develop algorithm to divvy up tasks for human-robot teams

Researchers have developed an algorithmic planner that helps delegate tasks to humans and robots. The planner, 'Act, Delegate or Learn' (ADL), considers a list of tasks and decides how best to assign them. The researchers asked three questions: When should a robot act to complete a task? When should a task be delegated to a human? And when should a robot learn a new task?

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Reducing TV viewing to less than one hour a day could help prevent more than one in ten cases of coronary heart disease

Watching too much TV is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease regardless of an individual's genetic makeup, say scientists. The researchers show that -- assuming a causal link -- 11% of cases of coronary heart disease could be prevented if people watched less than an hour of TV each day.

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Human influence is the culprit for warm and wet winters in northwest Russia

A research team reveals the reason behind hot and wet winters in northwest Russia from 2019/20 winter. Anthropogenic influence found to be the reason for widespread warming according to the CMIP6 data.

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Research boosts 'game-changing' technology to strengthen drug development

Researchers have boosted pioneering technology to show whether potential treatments are worth progressing into human trials, in a game-changing move that could dramatically reduce the high failure rates in drug discovery and development.

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Reducing TV viewing to less than one hour a day could help prevent more than one in ten cases of coronary heart disease

Watching too much TV is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease regardless of an individual's genetic makeup, say scientists. The researchers show that -- assuming a causal link -- 11% of cases of coronary heart disease could be prevented if people watched less than an hour of TV each day.

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Research boosts 'game-changing' technology to strengthen drug development

Researchers have boosted pioneering technology to show whether potential treatments are worth progressing into human trials, in a game-changing move that could dramatically reduce the high failure rates in drug discovery and development.

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Diamond mirrors for high-powered lasers

Researchers have built a mirror out of one of the strongest materials on the planet: diamond. By etching nanostructures onto the surface of a thin sheet of diamond, the research team built a highly reflective mirror that withstood, without damage, experiments with a 10-kilowatt Navy laser. In the future, the researchers envision these mirrors being used for defense applications, semiconductor manufacturing, industrial manufacturing, and deep space communications.

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Genetic test can diagnose certain immune system disorders

Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) can result in chronic and sometimes life-threatening infections. More than 450 PIDs have been described, but timely and accurate diagnoses remain a challenge. In a new study investigators used next-generation sequencing technology to test a DNA panel of 130 different immune system genes from 22 study participants. They found that many patients had inherited a genetic defect that caused a disorder in their immune system. These findings will facilitate better treatment options and earlier diagnosis in family members who may have inherited the same genetic abnormality.

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Gene-edited tomatoes could be a new source of vitamin D

Tomatoes gene-edited to produce vitamin D, the sunshine vitamin, could be a simple and sustainable innovation to address a global health problem.

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Genetic test can diagnose certain immune system disorders

Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) can result in chronic and sometimes life-threatening infections. More than 450 PIDs have been described, but timely and accurate diagnoses remain a challenge. In a new study investigators used next-generation sequencing technology to test a DNA panel of 130 different immune system genes from 22 study participants. They found that many patients had inherited a genetic defect that caused a disorder in their immune system. These findings will facilitate better treatment options and earlier diagnosis in family members who may have inherited the same genetic abnormality.

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Turning X chromosome 'off and on again' critical for oocyte development

Researchers have found that a carefully orchestrated act of X-chromosome 'yoyo' predicts the successful and efficient development of mammalian egg cells. The findings could pave the way for generating artificial oocytes in the laboratory, helping researchers study the causes and treatments of infertility disorders and test the impact of drugs and chemicals on women's reproduction.

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Scientists gain ground on rare congenital neurological disorder

Two recent discoveries may help lead to new ways to treat patients with Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS), a brain development disorder that causes severe intellectual disability and problems with movement.

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Children who play adventurously have better mental health

Children who spend more time playing adventurously have lower symptoms of anxiety and depression, and were happier over the first Covid-19 lockdown, according to new research.

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Scientists gain ground on rare congenital neurological disorder

Two recent discoveries may help lead to new ways to treat patients with Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS), a brain development disorder that causes severe intellectual disability and problems with movement.

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Children who play adventurously have better mental health

Children who spend more time playing adventurously have lower symptoms of anxiety and depression, and were happier over the first Covid-19 lockdown, according to new research.

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Climate change likely to reduce the amount of sleep that people get per year

Most research looking at the impact of climate change on human life has focused on how extreme weather events affect economic and societal health outcomes on a broad scale. Yet climate change may also have a strong influence on fundamental daily human activities -- including a host of behavioral, psychological, and physiological outcomes that are essential to wellbeing. Investigators now report that increasing ambient temperatures negatively impact human sleep around the globe.

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Function follows form in plant immunity

Scientists have discovered a novel biochemical mechanism explaining how immune proteins defend plants against invading microorganisms.

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Killer T vs. memory -- DNA isn't destiny for T cells

Scientists have uncovered how one type of T cell creates two genetically identical, but functionally different, daughter cells.

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Research reveals surprising inactivation mechanism for a voltage-gated ion channel

The study from St. Jude Children's Research Hospital presents a new understanding of how a VGIC, crucial for the communication of neurons and muscle cells, can become unresponsive.

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Superconductivity and charge density waves caught intertwining at the nanoscale

Scientists discover superconductivity and charge density waves are intrinsically interconnected at the nanoscopic level, a new understanding that could help lead to the next generation of electronics and computers.

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Novel preclinical drug could have potential to combat depression, brain injury and cognitive disorders

Scientists have described a novel preclinical drug that could have the potential to combat depression, brain injury and diseases that impair cognition. The drug, which notably is brain-permeable, acts to inhibit the kinase enzyme Cdk5.

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Killer T vs. memory -- DNA isn't destiny for T cells

Scientists have uncovered how one type of T cell creates two genetically identical, but functionally different, daughter cells.

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Research reveals surprising inactivation mechanism for a voltage-gated ion channel

The study from St. Jude Children's Research Hospital presents a new understanding of how a VGIC, crucial for the communication of neurons and muscle cells, can become unresponsive.

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Novel preclinical drug could have potential to combat depression, brain injury and cognitive disorders

Scientists have described a novel preclinical drug that could have the potential to combat depression, brain injury and diseases that impair cognition. The drug, which notably is brain-permeable, acts to inhibit the kinase enzyme Cdk5.

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Major uptick reported in cannabis vaping for all adolescents

Cannabis vaping is increasing as the most popular method of cannabis delivery among all adolescents in the U.S., as is the frequency of cannabis vaping, according to researchers.

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Physician mistreatment emerges as crisis that can ripple through U.S. health care

In a recent survey of more than 6,500 physicians from across the United States representing a broad spectrum of racial and ethnic diversity, nearly 30% of respondents reported experiencing discrimination and mistreatment from patients or patients' family members or visitors.

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Broadening the scope of epoxide ring opening reactions with zirconocene

Epoxide, a cyclic ether, can be used to obtain important alcohols, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional polymers. This transformation is facilitated by the reductive ring opening of epoxide. Traditionally, the reaction has been catalyzed using titanocene. However, in this case, the products are predominantly obtained via more stable radicals. Now, chemists turn the tables and broaden the scope of this reaction using zirconocene as a novel catalyst under visible light irradiation.

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Component for brain-inspired computing

Researchers have developed a new material for an electronic component that can be used in a wider range of applications than its predecessors. Such components will help create electronic circuits that emulate the human brain and that are more efficient at performing machine-learning tasks.

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Ions and Rydberg-atoms: A bond between David and Goliath

Researchers have verified a novel binding mechanism forming a molecule between a tiny charged particle and in atomic measures gigantic Rydberg atom. The scientists could observe spatially resolved the molecule with the help of a self-build ion microscope.

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Researchers discover effective combination immunotherapy for liver cancer

Researchers have discovered a specific combination immunotherapy that shows promise in the fight against liver cancer.

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Density, benign disease raise risk of breast cancer

Women with dense breast tissue and benign breast disease face an elevated risk of future breast cancer and could benefit from a tailored mammogram screening strategy, according to a large study.

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Both nature and nurture contribute to signatures of socioeconomic status in the brain

Researchers found that a person's genetics and the environment in which they live contribute to how socioeconomic status shapes the architecture of the brain.

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How plants colonize the base of an active stratovolcano

New research in plants that colonized the base of an active stratovolcano reveals that two simple molecular steps rewired nutrient transport, enabling adaptation.

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Keeping buildings cooler with a wood-based foam

Summertime is almost here, a time when many people try to beat the heat. But running air conditioners constantly can be expensive and wasteful. Now, researchers have designed a lightweight foam made from wood-based cellulose nanocrystals that reflects sunlight, emits absorbed heat and is thermally insulating. They suggest that the material could reduce buildings' cooling energy needs by more than a third.

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For wetland plants, sea-level rise stamps out benefits of higher CO2

Wetlands across the globe are in danger of drowning from rising seas. But for decades, scientists held out hope that another aspect of climate change -- rising carbon dioxide (CO2) -- could trigger extra plant growth, enabling coastal wetlands to grow fast enough to outpace sea-level rise. That helpful side effect is disappearing, scientists have discovered.

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Both nature and nurture contribute to signatures of socioeconomic status in the brain

Researchers found that a person's genetics and the environment in which they live contribute to how socioeconomic status shapes the architecture of the brain.

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Technique protects privacy when making online recommendations

Researchers have developed a novel privacy-preserving protocol that could enable an algorithm that provides recommendations to guarantee a user's personal information remains secure while ensuring recommendation results are accurate. Their technique is so efficient it can run on a smartphone over a very slow network.

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Improved wind forecasts save consumers millions in energy costs

Scientists determined that by increasing the accuracy of weather forecasts over the last decade, consumers netted at least $384 million in energy savings. The researchers based their predictions on NOAA's High Resolution Rapid Refresh model, which provides daily weather forecasts for every part of the U.S. These include wind speed and direction data, which utilities can use to gauge how much energy their turbines will produce.

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Motivation for sports and school go hand in hand for adolescent athletes

Adolescent athletes with high motivation for school also have high motivation for sports. Male students tend to be less interested in school than their female peers, a new study shows.

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ATP from sensory neuron-interneuron crosstalk is key to spreading inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) secreted from sensory neuron-interneuron crosstalk is key to the spreading of inflammation across joints, acting as a neurotransmitter and inflammation enhancer.

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Phage therapy: A model to predict its efficacy against pathogenic bacteria

Antibiotic resistance represents a major public health challenge, associated with a high mortality rate. While bacteriophages -- viruses that kill bacteria -- could be a solution for fighting antibiotic-resistant pathogens, various obstacles stand in the way of their clinical development. To overcome them, researchers have developed a model to better predict the efficacy of phage therapy and possibly develop more robust clinical trials.

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Phage therapy: A model to predict its efficacy against pathogenic bacteria

Antibiotic resistance represents a major public health challenge, associated with a high mortality rate. While bacteriophages -- viruses that kill bacteria -- could be a solution for fighting antibiotic-resistant pathogens, various obstacles stand in the way of their clinical development. To overcome them, researchers have developed a model to better predict the efficacy of phage therapy and possibly develop more robust clinical trials.

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New micro device injects a boost to IVF success

A research team has delivered a ground-breaking new micro-device to streamline the only fertility treatment procedure available for men with low sperm counts.

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Electronic skin: Physicist develops multisensory hybrid material

Recently developed 'smart skin' is very similar to human skin. It senses pressure, humidity and temperature simultaneously and produces electronic signals. More sensitive robots or more intelligent prostheses are thus conceivable.

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Perception-based nanosensor platform could advance detection of ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer kills 14,000 women in the United States every year. It's the fifth leading cause of cancer death among women, and it's so deadly, in part, because the disease is hard to catch in its early stages. Patients often don't experience symptoms until the cancer has begun to spread, and there aren't any reliable screening tests for early detection.

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Ethical challenges in microbiome research

A human rights activist and a group of anthropologists and human biologists are casting a critical lens on the way that microbiome research is conducted with Indigenous peoples.

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Precursor of spine and brain forms passively

Researchers have conducted a detailed study of neurulation -- how the neural tube forms during embryonic development. They conclude that this happens less actively than previously thought. This also has implications for understanding defects such as spina bifida.

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Smart pacifier developed to monitor infant health in the hospital

A wireless, bioelectronic pacifier could eliminate the need for invasive, twice-daily blood draws to monitor babies' electrolytes in Newborn Intensive Care Units or NICUs. This smart pacifier can also provide more continuous monitoring of sodium and potassium ion levels. These electrolytes help alert caregivers if babies are dehydrated, a danger for infants, especially those born prematurely or with other health issues. Researchers tested the smart pacifier on a selection of infants in a hospital, and the results were comparable to data gained from their normal blood draws.

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Humans may have evolved to show signs of stress to evoke support from others

Showing signs of stress could make us more likeable and prompt others to act more positively towards us, according to a new study.

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Robotic surgery is safer and improves patient recovery time

Robot-assisted surgery used to perform bladder cancer removal and reconstruction enables patients to recover far more quickly and spend significantly (20 per cent) less time in hospital, concludes a new clinical trial.

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Robotic surgery is safer and improves patient recovery time

Robot-assisted surgery used to perform bladder cancer removal and reconstruction enables patients to recover far more quickly and spend significantly (20 per cent) less time in hospital, concludes a new clinical trial.

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Hormonal changes during menopause are directly related to decline in cardiovascular health

Levels of bad cholesterol rise during menopause, and 10% of this increase is likely due to shifts in sex hormones. Women usually undergo menopause at the age of 48 to 52 years, leading to a decline in estrogen and increase in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Menopause is thought to predispose women to heart disease since it typically develops 10 years later than in men, and risk rises after menopause.

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Hormonal changes during menopause are directly related to decline in cardiovascular health

Levels of bad cholesterol rise during menopause, and 10% of this increase is likely due to shifts in sex hormones. Women usually undergo menopause at the age of 48 to 52 years, leading to a decline in estrogen and increase in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Menopause is thought to predispose women to heart disease since it typically develops 10 years later than in men, and risk rises after menopause.

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'Growing end' of inflammation discovered

Redness, swelling, pain -- these are signs of inflammation. It serves to protect the body from pathogens or foreign substances. Researchers were able to show that inflammatory reactions of an important sensor protein proceed in a specific spatial direction. This finding has the potential to conceivably stop inflammation at the 'growing end', and thus bring chronic inflammatory diseases to a halt.

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The role of variability: From playing tennis to learning language

The effect of variability on learning is recognized in many fields: learning is harder when input is variable, but variability leads to better generalization of the knowledge we learned. In this review, researchers bring together over 150 studies on variability across domains, including language acquisition, motor learning, visual perception, face recognition and education, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms behind variability.

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Biomaterial improves islet transplants for treatment of type 1 diabetes

Hopeful diabetes treatment, islet cell transplantation, is now one step closer to the clinic following new study.

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Skin drug treatments may regress dangerous birthmarks and prevent melanoma

About one in 20,000 infants is born with what's called a congenital giant nevus -- a huge, pigmented mole that may cover much of the face and body. Due to the mole's appearance and its risk of later developing into skin cancer, many patients decide to have their children undergo extensive surgery to remove the entire lesion, which can cause large and permanent scars. Researchers led by recently created multiple preclinical models of this condition and used them to show that several drugs can be applied to the skin to cause the lesions to regress, and one topical drug also protected against skin cancer.

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The role of variability: From playing tennis to learning language

The effect of variability on learning is recognized in many fields: learning is harder when input is variable, but variability leads to better generalization of the knowledge we learned. In this review, researchers bring together over 150 studies on variability across domains, including language acquisition, motor learning, visual perception, face recognition and education, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms behind variability.

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New measure of sperm age may be predictor of pregnancy success

A novel technique to measure the age of male sperm has the potential to predict the success and time it takes to become pregnant, according to a newly published study.

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New measure of sperm age may be predictor of pregnancy success

A novel technique to measure the age of male sperm has the potential to predict the success and time it takes to become pregnant, according to a newly published study.

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Remote sensing research improves hurricane response

Researchers are investigating better ways to predict where road-clogging debris will be most severe after tropical cyclones.

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A single hormone directs body's responses to low-protein diet

A single hormone appears to coordinate the lifespan extension produced by a low-protein diet. Low-protein diets produce beneficial metabolic effects in aged mice, improving metabolic health, reducing frailty, and extending lifespan. These beneficial effects were also apparent when protein intake was reduced in middle-aged mice, even protecting against the detriments of obesity. Importantly, these beneficial effects were lost in mice that lacked FGF21, suggesting that its action in the brain is critical for the increase in health and lifespan.

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A single hormone directs body's responses to low-protein diet

A single hormone appears to coordinate the lifespan extension produced by a low-protein diet. Low-protein diets produce beneficial metabolic effects in aged mice, improving metabolic health, reducing frailty, and extending lifespan. These beneficial effects were also apparent when protein intake was reduced in middle-aged mice, even protecting against the detriments of obesity. Importantly, these beneficial effects were lost in mice that lacked FGF21, suggesting that its action in the brain is critical for the increase in health and lifespan.

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Malaria parasites form vortices

Researchers managed to set larger groups of malaria parasites into motion and to analyze the acquired image data. The collectively moving pathogens form vortex systems that are largely determined by physical principles. Computer simulations helped identify the mechanisms underlying these rotating movements.

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Antidepressant use during pregnancy not linked to epilepsy in children

A new study suggests that antidepressant use by mothers during the first trimester of pregnancy does not increase the chances of epilepsy and seizures in babies.

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Study finds increased risk of dementia after hospitalization for major TBI

People who have been hospitalized for a major traumatic brain injury (TBI) may have a higher risk of developing dementia when compared to people who do not have a TBI, according to a new study. Major TBI was defined as having bleeding in the brain and a hospital stay of three or more days. Researchers did not find an increased risk for people who had minor TBI, which was defined as a concussion with no more than a one-day hospital stay.

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Herpesvirus infection may increase the risk of developing diabetes

A new study finds that two common herpesviruses may contribute to impaired glucose metabolism and an increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) among infected individuals.

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New algorithm dramatically increases the speed of identifying two cancer drugs that work synergistically

An algorithm that can speed up by years the ability to identify from among thousands of possibilities, two or more drugs that work synergistically against a problem like cancer or a viral infection has been developed by bioinformatics experts.

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Genetic study confirms sarin nerve gas as cause of Gulf War illness

For three decades, scientists have debated the underlying cause of Gulf War illness (GWI), a collection of unexplained and chronic symptoms affecting veterans of the Persian Gulf War. Now researchers have solved the mystery, showing through a detailed genetic study that the nerve gas sarin was largely responsible for the syndrome.

from Top Health News -- ScienceDaily https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/05/220512092633.htm

Sweet discovery could drive down inflammation, cancers and viruses

Researchers have identified a new enzyme involved in controlling cell death, in findings that could lead to better treatment options for a range of inflammatory conditions, cancers and viruses.

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Slow walking may be to blame for perceived congestion in pedestrian areas

When designing public spaces or other places where foot traffic is considered, planners and architects need to know how people perceive the spaces in question. It is commonly believed that a space will feel more congested if the crowd density is higher. However, new research suggests that walking speed of individuals actually plays a greater role than crowd density in how someone feels about a busy space. Also, age and gender seem to affect someone's perception of how congested an enclosed space feels to them.

from Top Health News -- ScienceDaily https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/05/220512092627.htm

When unconscious, the brain is anything but 'silent'

The cerebral cortex is thought to be the seat of conscious processing in the brain. Rather than being inactivated, specific cells in the cortex show higher spontaneous activity during general anesthesia than when awake, and this activity is synchronized across those cortical cells. Improving our understanding of the neuronal mechanisms of general anesthesia could lead to better anesthetic drugs and improved surgical outcomes.

from Top Health News -- ScienceDaily https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/05/220512092618.htm

Discovery of cell protein that keeps Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus dormant

A study has identified a binding protein in cancer cell's nucleus, known as CHD4, as a critical agent keeping Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) dormant and undetected by the body's immune system. CHD4 is linked to cancer cell growth in many types of cancers.

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'Control sugar levels sooner to guard against heart attacks' finds new study into type 2 diabetes

People with type 2 diabetes may need to reduce their blood sugar levels sooner after diagnosis than previously thought, to prevent major cardiovascular events such as heart attacks, according to new research.

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How a leaky gut leads to inflamed lungs

In addition to increased morbidity and impaired lung function after a Streptococcus pneumoniaeinfection in older mice, the researchers also found elevated levels of gut-derived bacteria in the lungs, suggesting that bacteria that migrate from the intestine to the lungs may partially be responsible for the poor outcomes in older individuals.

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'Control sugar levels sooner to guard against heart attacks' finds new study into type 2 diabetes

People with type 2 diabetes may need to reduce their blood sugar levels sooner after diagnosis than previously thought, to prevent major cardiovascular events such as heart attacks, according to new research.

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How a leaky gut leads to inflamed lungs

In addition to increased morbidity and impaired lung function after a Streptococcus pneumoniaeinfection in older mice, the researchers also found elevated levels of gut-derived bacteria in the lungs, suggesting that bacteria that migrate from the intestine to the lungs may partially be responsible for the poor outcomes in older individuals.

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Structure of 'gliding bird' plant protein could lead to better crops

When pathogens attack, the NPR1 protein steps in to control a plant's immune response. Scientists have now figured out what the protein looks like and how it works --- a possible boon for agriculture.

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Opioid use disorder: Medication that lowers risk of overdose underused

Researchers found that less than half of Americans who received treatment for opioid use disorder over a five-year period were offered a potentially lifesaving medication. The numbers were even lower for those with what's known as polysubstance use disorder -- when opioid users also misuse other substances.

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Researchers identify pathway that regulates lipid synthesis and contributes to tumor survival

Researchers show that cancer cells in an acidic environment undergo lipid synthesis and accumulation. The team identified the key signaling molecules responsible for these changes and discovered that these alterations are associated with poor outcomes and disease progression among breast cancer patients.

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Tumor release of lactate forces nearby cells into supportive role

Tumors can force neighboring cells into supporting cancer growth by releasing lactate into their local environment, according to researchers. The findings pave the way for future drug treatments that thwart that defense mechanism to help cancer patients.

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Tumor release of lactate forces nearby cells into supportive role

Tumors can force neighboring cells into supporting cancer growth by releasing lactate into their local environment, according to researchers. The findings pave the way for future drug treatments that thwart that defense mechanism to help cancer patients.

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Gene therapy could treat Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, proof-of-concept study suggests

Scientists reported on an experimental gene-therapy-like technique to restore the normal activity of the TCCF4 gene deficient in individuals with Pitt-Hopkins syndrome.

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Common gene variant in three seemingly unrelated gynecologic disorders suggests new options for screening for CVD and cancers

It's always rewarding when what started out as largely an academic endeavor turns out to impact a lot of people -- in this case women. Women suffering from endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and preeclampsia may be protected from future heart disease if they carry a specific common genetic variant on the surface of cells (insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, or IGF1R). The research suggests new options for personalized screening and surveillance for cardiovascular disease.

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Getting sticky with it: Phospholipid found to play a key role in epithelial cell adhesion

Cells have certain proteins that help them adhere to each other while covering body surfaces and organs. Loss of these identifying proteins could result in cellular progression towards cancer and, subsequently, metastasis. However, lipids may play a role in maintaining cellular identity as well. Scientists have now identified the role of PIP2, a phospholipid, in maintaining epithelial cell-cell adhesion and cellular identity. Their findings will help develop strategies aimed at suppressing metastasis.

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Energy researchers invent chameleon metal that acts like many others

Researchers have invented a groundbreaking device that electronically converts one metal into behaving like another to use as a catalyst for speeding chemical reactions.

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Why science doesn't help sell chocolate chip cookies

People don't want science anywhere near their delicious chocolate chip cookies. But they're happy to have science create body wash that fights odor-causing bacteria.

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Food insecurity risk related to diabetes later in life

Young adults who were at risk of food insecurity had increased incidence of diabetes 10 years later, according to a new study. While previous research has associated food insecurity with a range of health issues including diabetes, obesity and hypertension, this study showed a connection over time, suggesting a causal relationship. Researchers analyzed data on nearly 4,000 people from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. They found that adults ages 24-32 who said they'd been worried about food running out in the last year showed greater incidence of diabetes, either through blood glucose tests or self-reports, at ages 32-42, compared to those who did not report food insecurity risk.

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Why science doesn't help sell chocolate chip cookies

People don't want science anywhere near their delicious chocolate chip cookies. But they're happy to have science create body wash that fights odor-causing bacteria.

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Future super cyclones would expose many in most vulnerable locations to extreme flooding

A new study has revealed super cyclones, the most intense form of tropical storm, are likely to have a much more devastating impact on people in South Asia in future years.

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Program issuing mailed kits doubles rate of leftover opioids disposal

Study finds that patients of orthopaedic and urologic procedures were more likely to dispose of their extra opioid tablets when they received kits in the mail to do so.

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Emissions tied to the international trade of agricultural goods are rising

Scientists have conducted a thorough examination of international trade in agricultural goods, finding that consumers in wealthy countries enjoy the produce while people in less-developed nations endure heightened greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation.

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It takes three to tangle: Long-range quantum entanglement needs three-way interaction

A theoretical study shows that long-range entanglement can indeed survive at temperatures above absolute zero, if the correct conditions are met.

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European farmland could be biggest global reservoir of microplastics, study suggests

Farmlands across Europe are potentially the biggest global reservoir of microplastics due to the high concentrations found in fertilizers derived from sewage sludge, new research has shown.

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Program issuing mailed kits doubles rate of leftover opioids disposal

Study finds that patients of orthopaedic and urologic procedures were more likely to dispose of their extra opioid tablets when they received kits in the mail to do so.

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Candy-coated pills could prevent pharmaceutical fraud

A colorful candy nonpareil coating gives pills a unique pattern that can be stored by the manufacturer in a database. Consumers could upload a smartphone photograph of a pill and if its CandyCode matches one in the database, the consumer could be confident that the pill is genuine. If not, it is potentially fraudulent.

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Minerals can be key to healing damaged tissue

Every species, from bacteria to humans, is capable of regeneration. Regeneration is mediated by the molecular processes that regulate gene expression to control tissue renewal, restoration and growth.

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Coaching program reduces burnout among resident physicians

A coaching program aimed at decreasing burnout among female resident physicians significantly reduced emotional exhaustion and imposter syndrome while increasing self-compassion over a six month period.

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Flip-flop genome

Researchers found that inversions in the human genome form more commonly than previously thought, which impacts our understanding of certain genetic diseases.

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Social media break improves mental health, study suggests

Results of a new study which asked participants to take a week-long break from TikTok, Instagram, Twitter and Facebook find positive effects for wellbeing, depression and anxiety.

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Powerful family of two-dimensional materials discovered

A team has developed a new family of two-dimensional materials that researchers say has great potential for many applications such as batteries and supercapacitors, catalysis, sensors and electronics.

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Saving the Mekong delta from 'drowning'

Southeast Asia's most productive agricultural region and home to 17 million people could be mostly underwater within a lifetime. Saving the Mekong River Delta requires urgent, concerted action among countries in the region to lessen the impact of upstream dams and better manage water and sediments within the delta, according to an international team of researchers who outline solutions to the region's dramatic loss of sediment essential to nourishing delta land.

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Active brown adipose tissue protects against 'pre-prediabetes'

In a prospective study of young, lean adults, PET/CT imaging revealed that higher levels of active brown adipose tissue (also known as 'brown fat') are more prevalent in individuals who exhibit very early indications of metabolic disorders. The study suggests that active brown fat is recruited to counteract 'pre-prediabetic' states, potentially serving as a first-line protective mechanism against very early metabolic or hormonal abnormalities.

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Small changes -- but essential! How peptides are recognized in receptors

The human body consists of trillions of cells that constantly communicate with each other. A central role in this communication process is played by receptor proteins on the cell surface. Since they often serve as drug targets, they have been the subject of intensive research. Often there are whole families of receptors. The signal messengers as well as the receptors are very similar to each other, so it is not clear how the signals are distinguished from each other at the molecular level. Now, scientists have succeeded in determining high-resolution structures for three related signalling complexes that occur naturally in the body for the neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor family, thus shedding light on the 'small but essential differences'.

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'Nanomagnetic' computing can provide low-energy AI

Researchers have shown it is possible to perform artificial intelligence using tiny nanomagnets that interact like neurons in the brain.

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Global bird populations steadily declining

Staggering declines in bird populations are taking place around the world. So concludes a study from scientists at multiple institutions. Loss and degradation of natural habitats and direct overexploitation of many species are cited as the key threats to avian biodiversity. Climate change is identified as an emerging driver of bird population declines.

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How the brain says 'oops!'

Researchers have uncovered how signals from a group of neurons in the brain's frontal lobe simultaneously give humans the flexibility to learn new tasks -- and the focus to develop highly specific skills.

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Researchers create flat magic window with liquid crystals

Researchers have used liquid crystals to create a flat magic window -- a transparent device that produces a hidden image when light shines on it. The process for creating transparent liquid crystal magic windows can produce any desired image. The process can also be used to create magic mirrors that reflect, rather than transmit, light to create an image. The technology represents a new twist on a very old light trick, originating thousands of years ago in China and Japan.

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New study reviews anti-cancer activity of sustained release capsaicin formulations

A study provides the first published in-depth description of the anti-cancer activity of capsaicin sustained release formulations. Capsaicin is naturally found in chili peppers and is the agent that provides the hot and spicy taste when eating chili peppers.

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Bye, bye, biopsy? Handheld device could painlessly identify skin cancers

A new device uses millimeter-wave imaging -- the same technology used in airport security scanners -- to scan a patient's skin to detect if they have skin cancer. Millimeter-wave rays harmlessly penetrate about 2mm into human skin, so the team's imaging technology provides a clear 3D map of scanned skin lesions.

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Surprising risk factors may predict heart attacks in young women

A new study has for the first time identified which risk factors are more likely to trigger a heart attack or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) for men and women 55 years and younger.

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A healthy lifestyle helps to prevent gestational diabetes in those at highest genetic risk

Researchers have developed a genetic-risk score for identifying individuals who would benefit the most from lifestyle counseling to prevent gestational and postpartum diabetes.

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The quest for an ideal quantum bit

Scientists have developed a qubit platform formed by freezing neon gas into a solid, spraying electrons from a light bulb's filament onto it, and trapping a single electron there. This system shows great promise as an ideal building block for quantum computers.

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Surprising risk factors may predict heart attacks in young women

A new study has for the first time identified which risk factors are more likely to trigger a heart attack or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) for men and women 55 years and younger.

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The role of the cerebellum in absence seizures

Researchers have gained new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of absence seizures and potential therapy options.

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COVID-19 vaccine technique shows promise for heart disease

A method for delivering genetic material to the body is being tested as a way to repair damaged heart muscle after a heart attack.

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What happens when traits jump between branches of the tree of life

We all must play the game of life with the cards we're dealt, so the common aphorism goes. In biology, this means organisms must compete through natural selection with the genes and anatomy they were born with. But the saying is a lie. Okay, it’s not exactly a lie, but modern research suggests that the game of life is far more complicated than we had anticipated. There are opportunities to swap cards and even steal other players’ hands.

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Lost value of landfilled plastic in US

With mountains of plastic waste piling up in landfills and scientists estimating that there will be more plastics by weight than fish in the ocean by 2050, the growing environmental challenge presented to the world by plastics is well understood. What is less well understood by the scientific community is the lost energy opportunity. In short, plastic waste is also energy wasted.

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Combination of drugs for obesity and Type 2 diabetes may be more effective than a single therapy

Researchers have identified new drug combinations to treat people with obesity and Type 2 diabetes. The goal is to develop personalized prescriptions that are more effective than single drugs and that can potentially replace more invasive treatments such as bariatric surgery, especially for children.

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Anti-idling campaign reduces idling time at elementary schools

An anti-idling campaign at elementary schools was effective in reducing idling time by 38%, and an air monitoring experiment found that air quality around schools can vary over short distances. These findings can help schools and school districts plan to protect students, staff and the community from unhealthy air pollution both indoors and outdoors.

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Researcher looks into little known 'purging disorder'

Though purging is often a condition associated with bulimia nervosa, new research at Ohio University suggests that a different kind of eating disorder could also be responsible.

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New study shows hybrid learning led to significant reduction in COVID-19 spread

A new study shows that hybrid learning utilizing alternating school days for children offers a significant reduction in community disease spread. Total closure in favor of remote learning, however, offers little additional advantage over that hybrid option.

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Scientists map living corals before and after marine heat wave: Winners and losers discovered

Scientists reveal that different corals and environments influence the likelihood of their survival when ocean temperatures rise. The findings also demonstrate that advanced remote sensing technologies provide an opportunity to scale-up reef monitoring like never before.

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Carbon, climate change and ocean anoxia in an ancient icehouse world

A new study describes a period of rapid global climate change in an ice-capped world much like the present -- but 304 million years ago. Within about 300,000 years, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels doubled, oceans became anoxic, and biodiversity dropped on land and at sea.

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Image-based mechanical simulations improve accuracy in gauging healing progress of bone fractures

When you first break a bone, the body sends out an inflammatory response, and cells begin to form a hematoma around the injured area. Within a week or two, that blood clot is replaced with a soft material called callus that forms a bridge of sorts that holds the fragments together. Over months, the callus hardens into bone, and the healing process is complete. But sometimes, that bridge between the bones fails to form, creating a nonunion.

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Reducing sedentary time mitigates the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases

A new study suggests that reducing daily sedentary time can have a positive effect on the risk factors of lifestyle diseases in only three months. Spending just one hour less sitting daily and increasing light physical activity can help in the prevention of these diseases.

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Breakthrough in treatment for Dupuytren's disease

Injection of the anti-TNF drug adalimumab into Dupuytren's disease nodules is effective in reducing nodule hardness and nodule size.

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Lighting the tunnel of plant evolution: Scientists explore importance of two-pore channels in plants

Two-pore ion channels are present in many eukaryotes -- both animals and plants. While the possible involvement of these channels in environmental stress responses have been discussed in higher plants, their localizations and functional significance remain largely unknown. Now, researchers have found the missing pieces of evolutionary history of two-pore channels in a species of liverwort.

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Breakthrough in treatment for Dupuytren's disease

Injection of the anti-TNF drug adalimumab into Dupuytren's disease nodules is effective in reducing nodule hardness and nodule size.

from Latest Science News -- ScienceDaily https://ift.tt/IwJVvoR

Image-based mechanical simulations improve accuracy in gauging healing progress of bone fractures

When you first break a bone, the body sends out an inflammatory response, and cells begin to form a hematoma around the injured area. Within a week or two, that blood clot is replaced with a soft material called callus that forms a bridge of sorts that holds the fragments together. Over months, the callus hardens into bone, and the healing process is complete. But sometimes, that bridge between the bones fails to form, creating a nonunion.

from Top Health News -- ScienceDaily https://ift.tt/JBCwlY9