AI may aid in diagnosing adolescents with ADHD

Using artificial intelligence (AI) to analyze specialized brain MRI scans of adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), researchers found significant differences in nine brain white matter tracts in individuals with ADHD.

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Common headaches tied to neck inflammation

Researchers have identified objective evidence of how the neck muscles are involved in primary headaches, according to a new study.

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Tracing the evolution of the 'little brain'

The evolution of higher cognitive functions in humans has so far mostly been linked to the expansion of the neocortex. Researchers are increasingly realizing, however, that the 'little brain' or cerebellum also expanded during evolution and probably contributes to the capacities unique to humans. A research team has now generated comprehensive genetic maps of the development of cells in the cerebella of human, mouse and opossum. Comparisons of these maps reveal both ancestral and species-specific cellular and molecular characteristics of cerebellum development.

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Slippery toilet bowl treatment causes bacteria to slide right off

When entering public restrooms, it's hard not to dwell on what germs previous users have left behind in the toilet bowl. Imagine, instead, a self-cleaning system that doesn't require a brightly colored gel. Researchers have developed a simple, transparent coating that makes surfaces, like porcelain, more water-repellent. They show how this surface treatment effectively prevents bacteria from sticking to the inside of a toilet bowl.

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Swapping blood for spit -- for convenient at-home health monitoring

Blood tests are a common, yet often painful, step in health care. But what if we could skip the needles altogether? Saliva and blood contain many of the same biomarkers, and collecting spit is as simple as drooling into a container. Researchers have developed a device that detects glucose and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) biomarkers in saliva with high sensitivity, which could help make at-home health monitoring easier and without a poke.

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Tracing the evolution of the 'little brain'

The evolution of higher cognitive functions in humans has so far mostly been linked to the expansion of the neocortex. Researchers are increasingly realizing, however, that the 'little brain' or cerebellum also expanded during evolution and probably contributes to the capacities unique to humans. A research team has now generated comprehensive genetic maps of the development of cells in the cerebella of human, mouse and opossum. Comparisons of these maps reveal both ancestral and species-specific cellular and molecular characteristics of cerebellum development.

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Solar activity likely to peak next year

Researchers have discovered a new relationship between the Sun's magnetic field and its sunspot cycle, that can help predict when the peak in solar activity will occur. Their work indicates that the maximum intensity of solar cycle 25, the ongoing sunspot cycle, is imminent and likely to occur within a year.

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What if Alexa or Siri sounded more like you? Study says you'll like it better

One voice does not fit all when it comes to virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa, according to researchers who examined how customization and perceived similarity between user and voice assistant (VA) personalities affect user experience. They found a strong preference for extroverted VAs -- those that speak louder, faster and in a lower pitch. They also found that increasing personality similarity by automatically matching user and VA voice profiles encouraged users to resist persuasive information.

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New platform solves key problems in targeted drug delivery

Cell and gene therapies hold promise for treating various diseases, but technology to deliver targeted medicines to specific cells is lacking. Engineered cells produce multifunctional particles, designed to carry cargo and target specific cell types. In experiments, the particles successfully delivered gene editing cargo to T cells.

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New platform solves key problems in targeted drug delivery

Cell and gene therapies hold promise for treating various diseases, but technology to deliver targeted medicines to specific cells is lacking. Engineered cells produce multifunctional particles, designed to carry cargo and target specific cell types. In experiments, the particles successfully delivered gene editing cargo to T cells.

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Stem cell-based treatment controls blood sugar in people with Type 1 diabetes

An innovative stem cell-based treatment for Type 1 diabetes can meaningfully regulate blood glucose levels and reduce dependence on daily insulin injections, according to new clinical trial results. The therapy aims to replace the insulin-producing beta cells that people with Type 1 diabetes lack. Dubbed VC-02, the small medical implant contains millions of lab-grown pancreatic islet cells, including beta cells, that originate from a line of pluripotent stem cells.

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Stem cell-based treatment controls blood sugar in people with Type 1 diabetes

An innovative stem cell-based treatment for Type 1 diabetes can meaningfully regulate blood glucose levels and reduce dependence on daily insulin injections, according to new clinical trial results. The therapy aims to replace the insulin-producing beta cells that people with Type 1 diabetes lack. Dubbed VC-02, the small medical implant contains millions of lab-grown pancreatic islet cells, including beta cells, that originate from a line of pluripotent stem cells.

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'Not dead yet': Experts identify interventions that could rescue 1.5°C

To meet the goals of the Paris Agreement and limit global heating to 1.5°C, global annual emissions will need to drop radically over the coming decades. Climate economists say that this goal could still be within our reach. They identify key 'sensitive intervention points' that could unlock significant progress towards the Paris Agreement with the least risk and highest impact.

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Survival of the fittest? New study shows how cancer cells use cell competition to evade the body's defenses

Cell competition, a defense system orchestrated by epithelial cells to suppress cancer formation, is altered in epithelial cells with sequential mutations. Activated Ras mutant epithelial cells, which would normally be eliminated into the lumen, instead infiltrate into the tissue to form invasive tumors. The underlying mechanisms were found to be increased MMP21 expression, via activation of NF-?B signaling. Analysis using human samples suggests that the NF-?B-MMP21 pathway contributes to early colorectal cancer progression.

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Your eyes talk to your ears. Scientists know what they're saying

Scientists can now pinpoint where someone is looking just by listening to their ears. Following a discovery that the ears emit subtle sounds when the eyes move, a new report finds that decoding the sounds reveals where your eyes are looking. These faint ear sounds may fine-tune perception and could be used to develop innovative hearing tests.  

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Anti-rheumatic drugs could prevent thyroid disease

Anti-rheumatic drugs used for rheumatoid arthritis might prevent the development of autoimmune thyroid disease, according to a new observational study.

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Anti-rheumatic drugs could prevent thyroid disease

Anti-rheumatic drugs used for rheumatoid arthritis might prevent the development of autoimmune thyroid disease, according to a new observational study.

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A new diagnostic tool to identify and treat pathological social withdrawal, Hikikomori

Hikikomori is a pathology characterized by social withdrawal for a period exceeding six months. While first defined in Japan, the pathology is growing globally. To help better assess individuals for Hikikomori, researchers developed the the Hikikomori Diagnostic Evaluation, or HiDE, a diagnostic tool to be a guide on collecting information on the growing pathology.

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A new diagnostic tool to identify and treat pathological social withdrawal, Hikikomori

Hikikomori is a pathology characterized by social withdrawal for a period exceeding six months. While first defined in Japan, the pathology is growing globally. To help better assess individuals for Hikikomori, researchers developed the the Hikikomori Diagnostic Evaluation, or HiDE, a diagnostic tool to be a guide on collecting information on the growing pathology.

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The bilingual brain may be better at ignoring irrelevant information

Results showed that bilinguals seem to be more efficient at ignoring information that's irrelevant, rather than suppressing -- or inhibiting information.    

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The bilingual brain may be better at ignoring irrelevant information

Results showed that bilinguals seem to be more efficient at ignoring information that's irrelevant, rather than suppressing -- or inhibiting information.    

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Consumers, florists differ on floral arrangements

Consumers don't necessarily pay attention to florists' arrangement design elements. And consumer love roses -- a lot.

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How we play together

Psychologists are using EEG to research what games reveal about our ability to cooperate.

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Could eating turkey ease colitis?

According to data in mice, extra tryptophan could reduce the risk of future colitis flares.

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Could eating turkey ease colitis?

According to data in mice, extra tryptophan could reduce the risk of future colitis flares.

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Babies as young as four months show signs of self-awareness

Babies as young as four months old can make sense of how their bodies interact with the space around them, according to new research.

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Babies as young as four months show signs of self-awareness

Babies as young as four months old can make sense of how their bodies interact with the space around them, according to new research.

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Deep dive on sea level rise: New modelling gives better predictions on Antarctic ice sheet melt

Using historical records from around Australia, an international team of researchers have put forward the most accurate prediction to date of past Antarctic ice sheet melt, providing a more realistic forecast of future sea level rise.   The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest block of ice on earth, containing over 30 million cubic kilometers of water.   Hence, its melting could have a devasting impact on future sea levels. To find out just how big that impact might be, the research team turned to the past.  

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In many major crop regions, workers plant and harvest in spiraling heat and humidity

A global study of major crops has found that farmworkers are being increasingly exposed to combinations of extreme heat and humidity during planting and harvest seasons that can make it hard for them to function. Such conditions have nearly doubled across the world since 1979, the authors report, a trend that could eventually hinder cultivation. The most affected crop is rice, the world's number one staple, followed closely by maize.

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Alzheimer's and Parkinson's: Scientists produce human norepinephrine neurons from stem cells

Researchers have identified a protein key to the development of a type of brain cell believed to play a role in disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and used the discovery to grow the neurons from stem cells for the first time. The stem-cell-derived norepinephrine neurons of the type found in a part of the human brain called the locus coeruleus may enable research into many psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases and provide a tool for developing new ways to treat them.

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Cheap medicines prevented migraine as well as expensive ones

A new study sheds light on what works best to prevent migraine attacks, and surprisingly, cheaper medicines worked as well as the expensive ones.

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Novel measurement technique for fluid mixing phenomena using selective color imaging method

A novel measurement technique has been developed to visualize the fluid flow and distribution within two droplets levitated and coalesced in space using fluorescence-emitting particles. This technique enabled the estimation of fluid motion within each droplet, thereby revealing the internal flow caused by surface vibration when the droplet merging promotes fluid mixing.

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Discovery of hemoglobin in the epidermis sheds new light on our skin's protective properties

Researchers have shown for the first time that hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells where it binds oxygen, is also present in the epidermis, our skin's outermost body tissue. The study provides important insights into the properties of our skin's protective external layer.

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Discovery of hemoglobin in the epidermis sheds new light on our skin's protective properties

Researchers have shown for the first time that hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells where it binds oxygen, is also present in the epidermis, our skin's outermost body tissue. The study provides important insights into the properties of our skin's protective external layer.

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Hunger hormones impact decision-making brain area to drive behavior

A hunger hormone produced in the gut can directly impact a decision-making part of the brain in order to drive an animal's behavior, finds a new study.

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A small molecule blocks aversive memory formation, providing a potential treatment target for depression

Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in the world, but current anti-depressants have yet to meet the needs of many patients. Neuroscientists recently discovered a small molecule that can effectively alleviate stress-induced depressive symptoms in mice by preventing aversive memory formation with a lower dosage, offering a new direction for developing anti-depressants in the future.

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Breakthrough in bladder cancer research

For 40 years, chemotherapy has been the standard treatment for bladder cancer patients who can tolerate this medicine. However, the results were limited, and lasting results were rare. In recent years, two groundbreaking phase-3 clinical studies have focused on a new form of treatment to improve this. They investigated the effects of combining immunotherapy and chemotherapy.

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Blinking on a quiz show offers clues to human response under stress

Quiz shows, where contestants answer rapid-fire questions in a high-stress, high-stakes environment, are an integral part of TV programming -- and now they are demonstrating that they have research value, according to a new study. 

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New laser setup probes metamaterial structures with ultrafast pulses

A new technique offers a safe, reliable, and high-throughput way to dynamically characterize microscale metamaterials. The method could speed up the development of acoustic lenses, impact-resistant films, and other futuristic materials.

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Novel C. diff structures are required for infection, offer new therapeutic targets

Newly discovered iron storage 'ferrosomes' inside the bacterium C. diff -- the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections -- are important for infection in an animal model and could offer new targets for antibacterial drugs. They also represent a rare demonstration of a membrane-bound structure inside a pathogenic bacterium, upsetting the biological dogma that bacteria do not contain organelles. 

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Roaming seabirds need ocean-wide protection

Seabirds roam far and wide in the Indian Ocean -- so they need ocean-wide protection, new research shows.

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One in five patients experience rebound COVID after taking Paxlovid, new study finds

A new study has found that one in five individuals taking Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir therapy, commonly known as Paxlovid, to treat severe symptoms of COVID-19, experienced a positive test result and shedding of live and potentially contagious virus following an initial recovery and negative test -- a phenomenon known as virologic rebound. By contrast, people not taking Paxlovid only experienced rebound about 2 percent of the time.

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Evolution of taste: Early sharks were able to perceive bitter substances

New genetic data show that humans and sharks share bitter taste receptors, even though their evolutionary pathways separated nearly 500 million years ago.

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Diverse forests hold huge carbon potential, as long as we cut emissions

New study estimates that natural forest recovery could capture approximately 226 Gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon, but only if we also reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Achieving these results requires community-driven efforts to conserve and restore biodiversity. In brief: Forests have the potential to capture 226 Gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon in areas where they would naturally exist. This forest potential can only be achieved alongside emissions cuts. Sixty-one percent of the forest potential can be achieved by protecting existing forests and allowing them to regrow to maturity. Thirty-nine percent can be achieved by reconnecting fragmented landscapes through community-driven ecosystem restoration and management. A natural diversity of species is needed to maximize the forest carbon potential.

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Researchers explore origins of lupus, find reason for condition's prevalence among women

For years, researchers and clinicians have known that lupus, an autoimmune condition, occurs in women at a rate nine times higher than in men. Some of the factors that cause the disease's high prevalence in women have eluded discovery, but in a new study investigating the immune system processes in lupus and the X chromosome, researchers have uncovered answers about the disease's frequency in females.

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Gender-neutral HPV vaccination best at preventing cervical cancer

The most effective way to prevent cervical cancer is to give HPV vaccines to both boys and girls, reports a collaborative study. Beside personal immunity, such use of the vaccine also induces a herd immunity that will help to eradicate the carcinogenic virus types more quickly.

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First evidence of how the Asian malaria mosquito is spreading drug-resistant malaria in Africa

Research has led to the discovery of the role played by the Asian malaria mosquito (Anopheles stephensi) in the spread of drug and diagnosis-resistant malaria in Africa. Malaria is caused by a parasite which is spread by the bite of blood-sucking mosquitoes. According to the WHO, there were an estimated 247 million cases of malaria worldwide in 2021 with over 600,000 deaths, mostly in Africa.  Children under 5 accounted for about 80% of all malaria deaths in the region.

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Validating the role of inhibitory interneurons in memory

To expand the understanding of memory, a research team has developed a technology called LCD-eGRASP (local circuit dual-eGRASP) that can label synapses of neural circuits within a specific brain region. The team applied this new technology to identify the local synaptic connections between inhibitory interneurons and engram cells, shedding light on the role of inhibitory interneurons in memory expression.

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Pesticides, herbicides, fungicides detected in New York state beeswax

An analysis of beeswax in managed honeybee hives in New York finds a wide variety of pesticide, herbicide and fungicide residues, exposing current and future generations of bees to long-term toxicity.

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Animals like crickets use the ground to amplify calls

When animals 'sing' sitting on the ground -- such as when crickets chirp -- their volume and reach increase dramatically, by as much as ten-fold. This result contradicts long-held beliefs in the field of animal communication, which presume the ground is a hindrance to sound transmission.

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Any activity is better for your heart than sitting -- even sleeping

Replacing sitting with as little as a few minutes of moderate exercise a day tangibly improves heart health, according to new research.

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Any activity is better for your heart than sitting -- even sleeping

Replacing sitting with as little as a few minutes of moderate exercise a day tangibly improves heart health, according to new research.

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Scientists take major step towards completing the world's first synthetic yeast

A team of Scientists has completed construction of a synthetic chromosome as part of a major international project to build the world's first synthetic yeast genome. The work represents completion of one of the 16 chromosomes of the yeast genome, which is part of the biggest project ever in synthetic biology; the international synthetic yeast genome collaboration. The collaboration, known as 'Sc2.0' has been a 15-year project involving teams from around the world (UK, US, China, Singapore, UK, France and Australia), working together to make synthetic versions of all of yeast's chromosomes. Alongside this paper, another 9 publications are also released today from other teams describing their synthetic chromosomes. The final completion of the genome project -- the largest synthetic genome ever -- is expected next year.

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New antifungal molecule kills fungi without toxicity in human cells, mice

A new antifungal molecule, devised by tweaking the structure of prominent antifungal drug Amphotericin B, has the potential to harness the drug's power against fungal infections while doing away with its toxicity, researchers report.

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New antifungal molecule kills fungi without toxicity in human cells, mice

A new antifungal molecule, devised by tweaking the structure of prominent antifungal drug Amphotericin B, has the potential to harness the drug's power against fungal infections while doing away with its toxicity, researchers report.

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City and highway lights threaten mountain lion habitats

Artificial light pollution at night threatens mountain lion habitat, making it a factor to consider for wildlife crossings and land use, finds a new study. 

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A blood test shows MS worsening 1 to 2 years before it happens

Multiple sclerosis patients whose blood tests reveal elevated NfL, a biomarker of nerve damage, could see worsening disability one to two years later, according to a new study.

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A blood test shows MS worsening 1 to 2 years before it happens

Multiple sclerosis patients whose blood tests reveal elevated NfL, a biomarker of nerve damage, could see worsening disability one to two years later, according to a new study.

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Deep decarbonization scenarios reveal importance of accelerating zero-emission vehicle adoption

The rapid adoption of zero-emission electric vehicles will move the nation close to an 80% or more drop in transportation greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 from the 2019 level according to researchers.

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Machine learning gives users 'superhuman' ability to open and control tools in virtual reality

Researchers have developed a virtual reality application where a range of 3D modelling tools can be opened and controlled using just the movement of a user's hand. 

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Infection with common cat-borne parasite associated with frailty in older adults

A new study of 601 older adults found that those with higher serointensity -- or a higher concentration of antibiodies -- to the cat-borne parasite Toxoplasma gondii are more likely to show signs of frailty, including exhaustion, loss of muscle mass and other indications of declining health. T. Gondii has previously been associated with risk-taking behavior and mental illness.

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Infection with common cat-borne parasite associated with frailty in older adults

A new study of 601 older adults found that those with higher serointensity -- or a higher concentration of antibiodies -- to the cat-borne parasite Toxoplasma gondii are more likely to show signs of frailty, including exhaustion, loss of muscle mass and other indications of declining health. T. Gondii has previously been associated with risk-taking behavior and mental illness.

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Window to the past: New microfossils suggest earlier rise in complex life

Microfossils may capture a jump in the complexity of life that coincided with the rise of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere and oceans, according to an international team of scientists.

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Higher risk of breast cancer in women with false positive mammography result

Women who receive a false positive mammography result are more likely to develop breast cancer over the subsequent 20 years, report researchers. The risk is highest for women aged between 60 and 75 and who have low breast density.

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Bowel cancer: Aspirin activates protective genes

Researchers have identified a signaling pathway by which aspirin can inhibit colorectal cancer.

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Bowel cancer: Aspirin activates protective genes

Researchers have identified a signaling pathway by which aspirin can inhibit colorectal cancer.

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The kids aren't alright: Saplings reveal how changing climate may undermine forests

Researchers studied how young trees respond to a hotter, drier climate. Their findings can help shape forest management policy and our understanding of how landscapes will change.

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Pinpointing HIV immune response

New research combining computer modeling and experiments with macaques shows the body's immune system helps control human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections largely by suppressing viral production in already infected cells while also killing viral infected cells, but only within a narrow time window at the start of a cell's infection.

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Maternal microbiota can affect fetal development

Significant differences in the gene activity of the fetal intestine, brain and placenta were identified, depending on the microbes in the mother's body and the compounds produced by them. The findings indicate that maternal microbes are important to her offspring's development and health.

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New Nijmegen method reveals hidden genetic variations

Many hidden genetic variations can be detected with Chameleolyser, a new method. The information is already yielding new patient diagnoses and may also lead to the discovery of as yet unknown disease genes.

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Antibiotics for common childhood infections no longer effective

Alarmingly high rates of bacterial resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics used to treat children and babies has been found in the Asia-Pacific.

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DNA organization influences the growth of deadly brain tumors in response to neuronal signals

A pioneering study has unveiled that the 3D organization of DNA can influence the progression of the aggressive brain tumor known as glioblastoma. Having identified the factors that glioblastoma uses to respond to neurons by growing and spreading, this discovery paves the way for further research into new treatments for brain tumors.

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DNA organization influences the growth of deadly brain tumors in response to neuronal signals

A pioneering study has unveiled that the 3D organization of DNA can influence the progression of the aggressive brain tumor known as glioblastoma. Having identified the factors that glioblastoma uses to respond to neurons by growing and spreading, this discovery paves the way for further research into new treatments for brain tumors.

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Contraceptive pill users less likely to report depression

A new study has shown that women who are taking the oral contraceptive pill are less likely to report depression. The research, which analysed data from 6,239 women in the United States aged 18-55 years old, found that the prevalence of major depression amongst users of the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) was significantly lower, at 4.6%, compared to former OCP users (11.4%).

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Risk of viral airborne transmission peaks within 5 seconds of face-to-face encounters

Researchers visualized and measured the flow field of aerosol particles derived from exhaled air and examined the risk of viral exposure during face-to-face encounters, such as while walking, jogging, running, or sprinting. The results showed that the number of aerosol particles during face-to-face encounters peaked within 5 seconds after the encounter and rapidly declined thereafter.

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Giant planets cast a deadly pall

Giant gas planets can be agents of chaos, ensuring nothing lives on their Earth-like neighbors around other stars. New studies show, in some planetary systems, the giants tend to kick smaller planets out of orbit and wreak havoc on their climates.

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Risk of viral airborne transmission peaks within 5 seconds of face-to-face encounters

Researchers visualized and measured the flow field of aerosol particles derived from exhaled air and examined the risk of viral exposure during face-to-face encounters, such as while walking, jogging, running, or sprinting. The results showed that the number of aerosol particles during face-to-face encounters peaked within 5 seconds after the encounter and rapidly declined thereafter.

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