Advanced melanoma survival improves significantly when immunotherapy is given before targeted therapy

A clinical trial showed a remarkable 20 percent advantage in the two-year overall survival rate for people with advanced melanoma who first received immunotherapy (72 percent survival rate) versus those who initially got targeted therapies (52 percent survival rate). Progression-free survival, where the cancer is stable or improving, was also trending in favor of those who started on immunotherapy.

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Sniffing out the brain's smelling power

Since their discovery over 100 years ago, neurons in the brain's olfactory bulb, called tufted cells, have been difficult to study. By leveraging new technology, neuroscientists were able to precisely dissect the neural activity of these tufted cells for the first time. They discovered the tufted cells were better at recognizing smells than mitral cells, their neighboring neurons in the olfactory bulb. Their findings offer new explanations for how the brain processes sensory information.

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Neural net computing in water

A team of researchers at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) have developed an ionic circuit comprising hundreds of ionic transistors and performed a core process of neural net computing.

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For the longest time: Quantum computing engineers set new standard in silicon chip performance

Engineers have substantially extended the time that their quantum computing processors can hold information by more than 100 times compared to previous results.

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Scientists find link between fast-melting Arctic ice and ocean acidification

An international team of researchers has found acidity levels increasing three to four times faster than ocean waters elsewhere and a strong correlation between the accelerated rate of melting ice in the region and the rate of ocean acidification. This threatens the Earth's climate and the survival of plants, shellfish, coral reefs and other marine life.

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New algorithm for reconstructing particles at the Large Hadron Collider

Researchers have implemented a ground-breaking algorithm for reconstructing particles at the Large Hadron Collider. The project is part of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment -- one of seven installed experiments which uses detectors to analyze the particles produced by collisions in the accelerator.

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Webb reveals a galaxy sparkling with the universe's oldest star clusters

Using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), researchers have identified the most distant globular clusters ever discovered. These dense groups of millions of stars may be relics that contain the first and oldest stars in the universe. The early analysis of Webb's First Deep Field image depicts some of the universe's earliest galaxies.

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Immune function remodeled by mitochondrial shape

A new study focused on the immune system's Th17 cells suggests that the shape and function of their mitochondria (the powerhouse of cells) is important in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis.

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Fluidic circuits add analog options for controlling soft robots

Robotics researchers, engineers and materials scientists showed it is possible to make programmable, nonelectronic circuits that control the actions of soft robots by processing information encoded in bursts of compressed air.

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Detailing a disastrous autumn day in ancient Italy

The Plinian eruption of Mount Vesuvius around 4,000 years ago -- 2,000 years before the one that buried the Roman city of Pompeii -- left a remarkably intact glimpse into Early Bronze Age village life in the Campania region of Southern Italy. The village offers a rare glimpse into the lives of the people who lived there, and the degree of preservation led the researchers to pinpoint the timing of the eruption, based on archaeobotanical record.

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Physicists take self-assembly to new level by mimicking biology

A team of physicists has created a new way to self-assemble particles -- an advance that offers new promise for building complex and innovative materials at the microscopic level.

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Dead fish breathes new life into the evolutionary origin of fins and limbs

A trove of fossils in China, unearthed in rock dating back some 436 million years, have revealed for the first time that the mysterious galeaspids, a jawless freshwater fish, possessed paired fins.

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Water fleas as 'canaries in a coal mine' offer key to managing chemical pollution

Water fleas, or Daphnia, could provide an important 'early warning system' for chemical pollution in our lakes and rivers.

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Breaks in 'junk' DNA give scientists new insight into neurological disorders

'Junk' DNA could unlock new treatments for neurological disorders as scientists discover its breaks and repairs affect our protection against neurological disease.

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How fish survive the extreme pressures of life in the oceans

Scientists have discovered how a chemical in the cells of marine organisms enables them to survive the high pressures found in the deep oceans.

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Breaks in 'junk' DNA give scientists new insight into neurological disorders

'Junk' DNA could unlock new treatments for neurological disorders as scientists discover its breaks and repairs affect our protection against neurological disease.

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Omega-3 fatty acids, and in particular DHA, are associated with increased attention scores in adolescents

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is associated with a greater capacity for selective and sustained attention in adolescents, while alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is associated with lower impulsivity, according to a new study. The results confirm the importance of having a diet that provides sufficient amounts of these polyunsaturated fatty acids for a healthy brain development.

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Omega-3 fatty acids, and in particular DHA, are associated with increased attention scores in adolescents

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is associated with a greater capacity for selective and sustained attention in adolescents, while alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is associated with lower impulsivity, according to a new study. The results confirm the importance of having a diet that provides sufficient amounts of these polyunsaturated fatty acids for a healthy brain development.

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NJIT researchers unlock a new method for testing protein-based drugs

New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) researchers have unveiled a new lab technique they say represents a 'paradigm shift' in how pharmaceutical laboratories test and produce new protein-based drugs, such as therapeutic monoclonal antibodies being developed to treat a variety of diseases, from cancers to infectious diseases.

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NJIT researchers unlock a new method for testing protein-based drugs

New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) researchers have unveiled a new lab technique they say represents a 'paradigm shift' in how pharmaceutical laboratories test and produce new protein-based drugs, such as therapeutic monoclonal antibodies being developed to treat a variety of diseases, from cancers to infectious diseases.

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Fasting-mimicking diet reduces signs of dementia in mice

Cycles of a diet that mimics fasting appear to reduce signs of Alzheimer's in mice genetically engineered to develop the illness, according to a new study. Short cycles of a low-calorie diet that replicates fasting appeared to reduce inflammation and delay cognitive decline in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease; initial data indicates diet's safety in Alzheimer's patients.

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Powerful hurricanes get second wind in Europe

Stronger hurricanes that are reenergised by jet stream winds are twice as likely to cross the Atlantic and wreak havoc in Europe than weaker ones, new research has found.

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Actile impressions add product value, study finds

New research shows that consumers are willing to pay extra for products that give them more to feel.

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Plastics of the future will live many past lives, thanks to chemical recycling

A new study documents how a durable plastic can be perpetually broken down and remade, without sacrificing its desired physical properties.

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Family ties give animals reasons to 'help or harm' as they age

The structure of family groups gives animals an incentive to help or harm their social group as they age, new research shows.

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Diets rich in refined fiber may increase liver cancer risk in some individuals

Research has found diets rich in highly refined fiber like inulin may increase the risk of liver cancer, particularly in individuals who have a vascular deformity in which blood from the intestines bypasses the liver. The discovery could help clinicians identify people who are at higher risk of liver cancer years in advance of any tumors forming and potentially enable individuals to reduce that risk through simple dietary modifications.

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Anxiety during pregnancy can lead to earlier births, study finds

Women who experience anxiety about their pregnancies give birth earlier on average than those who don't, according to new research.

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'Placenta-on-a-chip' mimics malaria-infected nutrient exchange between mother-fetus

Combining microbiology with engineering technologies, this novel 3D model uses a single microfluidic chip to study the complicated processes that take place in malaria-infected placenta as well as other placenta-related diseases and pathologies. The technology supports formation of microengineered placental barriers and mimics blood circulations, which provides alternative approaches for testing and screening.

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Frozen embryo transfers linked with high blood pressure risks in pregnancy

In pregnancies conceived with assisted reproductive technology using frozen embryos, the risk of developing a hypertensive disorder may be 74% higher than during naturally conceived pregnancies. In comparison, the risk of hypertensive disorders in pregnancies from fresh embryo transfer was similar to naturally conceived pregnancies. High blood pressure during pregnancy may be a sign of preeclampsia, a pregnancy complication that is serious and may be life-threatening to the mother and the fetus.

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Frozen embryo transfers linked with high blood pressure risks in pregnancy

In pregnancies conceived with assisted reproductive technology using frozen embryos, the risk of developing a hypertensive disorder may be 74% higher than during naturally conceived pregnancies. In comparison, the risk of hypertensive disorders in pregnancies from fresh embryo transfer was similar to naturally conceived pregnancies. High blood pressure during pregnancy may be a sign of preeclampsia, a pregnancy complication that is serious and may be life-threatening to the mother and the fetus.

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Young kids avoid one learning trap that often snares adults

Children have a secret power that helps them avoid a 'learning trap' that adults may sometimes fall into: Kids just can't focus their attention.

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Invasive stink bug habitat could expand greatly with climate change

A foul-smelling, voracious, wide-spread pest could become even more ubiquitous with climate change. A recent modelling study found that changing weather could increase suitable habitat for the brown marmorated stink bug in the United States by 70%. The study draws on data from a three-year stink bug monitoring effort in 17 states as well as several potential climate scenarios. However, whether the insects will thrive in new places depends on the conditions of each area and potential mitigation measures. Researchers found that overall, there is likely to be a northward shift in stink bug-friendly conditions. Regions that may be particularly affected include the Mid-Atlantic, areas surrounding the Great Lakes, and the valleys of the West Coast, such as the Sacramento Valley in California and the Treasure Valley in Idaho.

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Longhorned tick discovered in northern Missouri

The Longhorned tick causes the loss of millions of dollars in agricultural revenue to cattle producers worldwide, and it is now in northern Missouri. Originally found in eastern Russia and the Australasian region, this tick was first found in the United States in 2017 in New Jersey. It has since reached the Mid-Atlantic, New England and Midwestern regions of the U.S., and now has been discovered in northern Missouri.

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Mutation in key molecules could stop gonorrhea infection, biomedical sciences researchers find

Creating a mutation that inhibits how the bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, a common sexually transmitted infection, could offer a new way to prevent and treat the disease, according to researchers.

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Transition to newer clot-busting drug improves patient outcomes, lowers cost in treating ischemic stroke

A newer-generation stroke drug is outperforming the standard clot buster. A neurologist explains how tenecteplase saves both time and money when it comes to treating ischemic stroke.

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New research finds that viruses may have 'eyes and ears' on us

New research suggests that viruses are using information from their environment to 'decide' when to sit tight inside their hosts and when to multiply and burst out, killing the host cell. Right now, viruses are exploiting the ability to monitor their environment to their benefit. But in the future, 'we could exploit it to their detriment,' said one of the authors.

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Simple process extracts valuable magnesium salt from seawater

A new, simple, and efficient flow-based method allows researchers to pull a useful magnesium salt from natural seawater using easily available chemicals.

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Researchers test a novel hypothesis to explain the cause of autoimmunity in patients with type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which the pancreas makes little or no insulin. The details on the events that occur during autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells have been studied extensively yet the mystery of what causes autoimmunity is unknown. In a new study, researchers present a testable hypothesis to explain the initiation of autoimmunity. If validated, this would allow early detection and possible prevention of T1D in susceptible individuals.

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Mutation in key molecules could stop gonorrhea infection, biomedical sciences researchers find

Creating a mutation that inhibits how the bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, a common sexually transmitted infection, could offer a new way to prevent and treat the disease, according to researchers.

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Transition to newer clot-busting drug improves patient outcomes, lowers cost in treating ischemic stroke

A newer-generation stroke drug is outperforming the standard clot buster. A neurologist explains how tenecteplase saves both time and money when it comes to treating ischemic stroke.

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A new understanding of the neurobiology of impulsivity

While not all impulsive behavior speaks of mental illness, a wide range of mental health disorders which often emerge in adolescence, including depression and substance abuse, have been linked to impulsivity. So, finding a way to identify and treat those who may be particularly vulnerable to impulsivity early in life is especially important. Researchers have developed a genetically based score which could help identify, with a high degree of accuracy (greater than that of any impulsivity scores currently in use), the young children who are most at risk of impulsive behavior.

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AI-based screening method could boost speed of new drug discovery

Developing life-saving medicines can take billions of dollars and decades of time, but researchers are aiming to speed up this process with a new artificial intelligence-based drug screening process they've developed. Using a method that models drug and target protein interactions using natural language processing techniques, the researchers achieved up to 97% accuracy in identifying promising drug candidates.

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AI-based screening method could boost speed of new drug discovery

Developing life-saving medicines can take billions of dollars and decades of time, but researchers are aiming to speed up this process with a new artificial intelligence-based drug screening process they've developed. Using a method that models drug and target protein interactions using natural language processing techniques, the researchers achieved up to 97% accuracy in identifying promising drug candidates.

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Researchers map streamflow alterations to gauge human impact on ecosystems

Altering streamflow can endanger the ecosystems that rely on it, but researchers have lacked data on how human infrastructure has impacted streamflow in the U.S. Now, a study has mapped streamflow alterations across the continental U.S., providing a wealth of data for determining societal impacts on ecosystems.

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Biologists unveil clues to evolutionary origins of brown-colored algae for health, biofuels research

Biologists have unveiled foundational new insights into the evolutionary steps these algae took to make their novel brown pigments, which are called fucoxanthin.

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Indoor air quality experiments show exposure risks while cooking, cleaning

When you're cooking or cleaning inside your home, what chemicals are you breathing, and are they potentially harmful? Chemists have given us a solid start on the answer. A large, collaborative research experiment recently attempted to map the airborne chemistry of a typical home. Researchers performed typical home activities like cooking and cleaning and used sophisticated instrumentation to document the chemistry that resulted.

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A quick test kit to determine a person's immunity against COVID-19 and its variants

A drop of blood from a finger prick can now determine if a booster dose is required. Research shows that vaccine protection wanes over time and immune response in individuals differs. Platform technology can be adapted for new variants and other diseases in the future.

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Scientists believe evolution could save coral reefs, if we let it

Coral reefs can adapt to climate change if given the chance to evolve, according to a study.

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A sea change for plastic pollution: New material biodegrades in ocean water

Seeking solutions to counteract a rapid rise in plastic trash, scientists have developed biodegradable material that is designed to replace conventionally used plastic. An interdisciplinary team of researchers has shown that the material biodegrades in seawater.

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A quick test kit to determine a person's immunity against COVID-19 and its variants

A drop of blood from a finger prick can now determine if a booster dose is required. Research shows that vaccine protection wanes over time and immune response in individuals differs. Platform technology can be adapted for new variants and other diseases in the future.

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Hemp byproducts are good alternative feed for lambs, study finds

An new study found that spent hemp biomass can be included in lamb diets without any major detrimental effects to the health of the animals or their meat quality.

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A swarm of 3D printing drones for construction and repair

Researchers have taken bees as a model to develop a swarm of cooperative, 3D-printing drones. Under human control, these flying robots work as a team to print 3D materials for building or repairing structures while flying.

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Food for our guts: Human microbes feed on plant sugars

A carbohydrate commonly found attached to plant proteins is a food source for the bacteria in our gut, new research suggests.

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Study finds high levels of PFAS in school uniforms

Scientists analyzed a variety of children's textiles. In yet another example of the prevalence of the hazardous chemicals known as PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) in consumer products, industrial products and textiles, researchers have found notably high levels in school uniforms sold in North America.

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Five years after water crisis, 1 in 5 Flint, Michigan residents has PTSD

A large-scale study has identified alarming rates of depression and PTSD among Flint, Michigan residents five years after their water crisis began. The public-works environmental disaster is over in some senses, but psychological recovery may be longer in coming.

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In-home wireless device tracks disease progression in Parkinson's patients

Researchers can track the severity and progression of Parkinson's disease, as well as how a patient responds to medication, using an in-home device that passively monitors the patient's gait speed by bouncing radio signals off their body.

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Ocean scientists measure sediment plume stirred up by deep-sea-mining vehicle

Scientists measured a sediment plume stirred up by a protoype of a deep-sea-mining vehicle to help gauge the impact of such vehicles if they are used to mine minerals like nickel and cobalt. The vehicle created a dense sediment plume that remained relatively low, staying within 2 meters of the seafloor.

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In-home wireless device tracks disease progression in Parkinson's patients

Researchers can track the severity and progression of Parkinson's disease, as well as how a patient responds to medication, using an in-home device that passively monitors the patient's gait speed by bouncing radio signals off their body.

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Mosquitoes that can't spread malaria engineered by scientists

Scientists have engineered mosquitoes that slow the growth of malaria-causing parasites in their gut, preventing transmission of the disease to humans.

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Mosquitoes that can't spread malaria engineered by scientists

Scientists have engineered mosquitoes that slow the growth of malaria-causing parasites in their gut, preventing transmission of the disease to humans.

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Gel treats gum disease by fighting inflammation

A topical gel that blocks the receptor for a metabolic byproduct called succinate treats gum disease by suppressing inflammation and changing the makeup of bacteria in the mouth, according to a new study.

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Telehealth makes hearing health care more equitable

Scientists explore how digital health solutions can expand audiology services in clinical and research settings. Audiology assessment via telehealth would allow patients to access care while a specialist is located hundreds of miles away and, as a research tool, telehealth would allow for more representative and decentralized data on hearing, without compromising results. The team is currently scaling up several studies they conducted in rural areas of Alaska; their mission is to close the gap on hearing health disparities.

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Passive cooling system could benefit off-grid locations

A new passive cooling system relies on evaporation and radiation and requires no electricity. The device can provide up to about 19 degrees Fahrenheit (9.3 degrees Celsius) of cooling from the ambient temperature, to help keep food fresh longer or supplement air conditioning.

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Researchers discover dozens of genetic defects important for immune defense -- relevant for patients with rare diseases

Researchers who identified the first patient mutations on the NFkB1-gene, cooperated with international clinicians to identify and characterize a plethora of unreported NFKB1 variants on patients with immune system related illnesses.

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Silicon nanopillars for quantum communication

Across the world, specialists are working on implementing quantum information technologies. One important path involves light: Looking ahead, single light packages, also known as light quanta or photons, could transmit data that is both coded and effectively tap proof. To this end, new photon sources are required that emit single light quanta in a controlled fashion -- and on demand. Only recently has it been discovered that silicon can host sources of single-photons with properties suitable for quantum communication. So far, however, no-one has known how to integrate the sources into modern photonic circuits. Scientists have now presented an appropriate production technology using silicon nanopillars: a chemical etching method followed by ion bombardment.

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Researchers discover dozens of genetic defects important for immune defense -- relevant for patients with rare diseases

Researchers who identified the first patient mutations on the NFkB1-gene, cooperated with international clinicians to identify and characterize a plethora of unreported NFKB1 variants on patients with immune system related illnesses.

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Moss repair team also works in humans

If everything is to run smoothly in living cells, the genetic information must be correct. But unfortunately, errors in the DNA accumulate over time due to mutations. Land plants have developed a peculiar correction mode: they do not directly improve the errors in the genome, but rather elaborately in each individual transcript. Researchers have transplanted this correction machinery from the moss Physcomitrium patens into human cells. Surprisingly, the corrector started working there too, but according to its own rules.

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How do woodlice mate when predators lurk nearby?

Desert isopods might not make top of the list of most-endearing animals, but these small (up to two centimeters-long) creatures, with their segmented bodies and seven pairs of legs, are actually fascinating animals and ideal to study when looking at mating preferences.

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Deformation fingerprints will help researchers identify, design better metallic materials

Engineers can now capture and predict the strength of metallic materials subjected to cycling loading, or fatigue strength, in a matter of hours -- not the months or years it takes using current methods.

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How stressed tumor cells escape cell death: New mechanism discovered

Because of their highly active metabolism, many tumors are susceptible to a special type of cell death, ferroptosis. Nevertheless, cancer cells often manage to escape this fate. Scientists have now discovered a new mechanism by which normal as well as cancer cells protect themselves against ferroptosis. Knowledge of these molecular connections could provide new starting points for the treatment of tumors.

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Development defect in macrophages causes lung disease

New discovery on the causes of PAP lung disease can also offer solutions for treating obesity and heart disease. The research group has identified a genetic defect that causes the accumulation of lipids in the pulmonary alveoli.

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Astro­physics: Star-child­hood shapes stel­lar evo­lu­tion

In classical models of stellar evolution, so far little importance has been attached to the early evolution of stars. Scientists now show that the biography of stars is indeed shaped by their early stage.

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Cilia in 3D: Miniature train station discovered

Cilia are small hair-like organelles that extend from cells and perform many functions, including motility and signaling. Researchers have now revealed that cilia have a specialized transport hub at their base, where trains and cargos are assembled for transport throughout the cilia. Since defects in this cilia transport system can lead to e.g. cystic kidneys or blindness, the results also provide new insights into molecular basis for a variety of diseases.

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Scientists identify key biomarkers that reliably predict response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for melanoma

Currently, the only FDA approved biomarker for ICI melanoma treatment is the tumor mutation burden assay, but the mechanisms linking it to ICI remain unclear. However, new research now provides evidence of novel, reliable biomarkers that predict therapy response using advanced computer technology.

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Program to increase performance and well-being

Am I over the hill? This question comes up regularly among workers over 50. A common prejudice is that older people's efficiency and stress-tolerance are continuously decreasing. But mental performance, self-confidence, psychological resilience and well-being can be improved in the 50-plus generation.

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Program to increase performance and well-being

Am I over the hill? This question comes up regularly among workers over 50. A common prejudice is that older people's efficiency and stress-tolerance are continuously decreasing. But mental performance, self-confidence, psychological resilience and well-being can be improved in the 50-plus generation.

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A new holographic microscope allows scientists to see through the skull and image the brain

A new holographic microscope allows scientists to see through the skull and image the brain. The new label-free deep-tissue imaging with the wave correction algorithm retrieves the fine neural network of the mouse brain with the intact skull by focusing the light and filtering out undesired multiple scattered light waves.

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Gut microbes and humans on a joint evolutionary journey

Researchers discover simultaneous evolutionary history of gut microbes with their human hosts over hundreds of thousands of years.

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Is it really healthy to restrict protein intake for kidney transplant recipients?

It is commonly believed that patients with chronic kidney disease should limit their protein intake given that excessive protein worsens kidney function. However, a new study indicates that changes in skeletal muscle mass are positively correlated with protein intake, suggesting the necessity of adequate protein intake to improve muscle mass after kidney transplantation.

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An unstable, flake-like network in the making

During development, the cells of an embryo divide until a fully functional organism emerges. One component of the cell is especially important during this process: the cell cortex. This fine network of hair-like filament structures (called actin) just below the cell membrane is the main determinant of cell shape and is involved in almost everything a cell does, such as moving, dividing, or sensing its environment. Yet, the cortex must first be built from single molecules, and if it is not built just right, the cells of an organism would never get to the right place to perform their functions.

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An unstable, flake-like network in the making

During development, the cells of an embryo divide until a fully functional organism emerges. One component of the cell is especially important during this process: the cell cortex. This fine network of hair-like filament structures (called actin) just below the cell membrane is the main determinant of cell shape and is involved in almost everything a cell does, such as moving, dividing, or sensing its environment. Yet, the cortex must first be built from single molecules, and if it is not built just right, the cells of an organism would never get to the right place to perform their functions.

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The physics of the premature lung: Why mechanical ventilation can harm preterm lungs

In Germany, about ten per cent of all children are born before the 37th week of pregnancy and are thus considered premature. Many of these premature babies require help with breathing due to their underdeveloped lungs. However, clinical practice shows that mechanical ventilation can cause irreversible damage to the lungs, although the exact causes are not yet known. In an interdisciplinary study, physicists and physicians have now shown that increased pressure on the lung tissue, as caused by mechanical ventilation, poses the risk of overstretching the tissue, even with small amounts of air, and disrupting cell function during gas exchange.

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New signal for triggering human immune response

Researchers found that disruption of a cellular structure, known as the actin cytoskeleton, is a 'priming signal' for the body to respond to a virus. These findings potentially lay the groundwork for development of new anti-viral vaccines and treatments.

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molecular origin of the genetic disease cystinosis revealed

The rare genetic disease cystinosis is caused by mutations in the gene for a protein called cystinosin. A team of scientists has now solved the structure of cystinosin and determined how mutations interfere with its normal function, providing insights into the underlying mechanisms and suggesting a way to develop new treatments for the disease.

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Contrast-enhanced in-phase Dixon sequence impacts biopsy clip detection on breast MRI

Contrast-enhanced in-phase Dixon sequence could reduce the need for correlation among other imaging modalities to better identify areas of prior biopsy during breast MRI interpretation, according to a new study.

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Survey finds stress and worry over the state of the world keeps some Americans up at night

A new national survey finds many Americans are losing sleep over stress and worry about the current state of the world. After a global pandemic, polarizing political division and more than two years of turbulent events, nearly one in five survey respondents report struggling to fall asleep at night.

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molecular origin of the genetic disease cystinosis revealed

The rare genetic disease cystinosis is caused by mutations in the gene for a protein called cystinosin. A team of scientists has now solved the structure of cystinosin and determined how mutations interfere with its normal function, providing insights into the underlying mechanisms and suggesting a way to develop new treatments for the disease.

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Byzantine solar eclipse records illuminate obscure history of Earth's rotation

To improve understanding of variation of Earth's rotation in the 4th--7th centuries CE, a research team analyzed Byzantine records from this period to identify total solar eclipses around the Eastern Mediterranean. Five total eclipses with reliable information on location, timing, and totality were identified, in 346, 418, 484, 601, and 693 CE.

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Swimmer's itch: What causes this neglected snail-borne disease?

Cercarial dermatitis is caused by the larvae of blood flukes that are parasites of birds or mammals. A new study suggests that a cercarial dermatitis outbreak in South Thailand was caused by the blood fluke Schistosoma indicum. The study offers important insights on these parasites, which, apart from being a public health issue, can also infect livestock animals, threatening the sustenance of people in the region.

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Air pollution may spur irregular heart rhythms in healthy teens

A first-of-its-kind study examining the impact of air pollution on healthy teenagers found that air pollution may trigger an irregular heart rhythm within two hours after exposure. Reducing the risk of irregular heart rhythms -- known as arrhythmias -- during adolescence may help reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death and developing heart disease in adulthood. Wearing face masks and avoiding vigorous physical activity may be warranted on high pollution days, especially during early morning hours, researchers said.

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Technique developed in mice could aid detection of cancer in dense breasts

A two-pronged approach to imaging breast density in mice resulted in better detection of changes in breast tissue, including spotting early signs of cancer. The researchers hope that this approach will be translated from mice and improve breast imaging for people; it may also help with prognosis of disease as density can be linked to specific patterns of mammary gland growth, including signs of cancer development.

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Daily multivitamin may improve cognition and possibly protect against decline, study suggests

New research shows that taking a daily supplement may improve cognition in older adults. In the study, researchers estimated that three years of multivitamin supplementation roughly translated to a 60-percent slowing of cognitive decline (about 1.8 years).

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Intelligent cooperation to provide surveillance and epidemic services in smart cities

Scientists explore the potential uses of integrated unmanned aerial vehicles and mobile robots for public good.

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Intelligent cooperation to provide surveillance and epidemic services in smart cities

Scientists explore the potential uses of integrated unmanned aerial vehicles and mobile robots for public good.

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Pet neuter surgeries fall off during pandemic, driving shelter overpopulation, survey finds

A survey of vet clinics finds that the COVID-19 pandemic postponed millions of spay and neuter surgeries for pets, halting decades of progress in reducing pet overpopulation.

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Twice-daily nasal irrigation reduces COVID-related illness, death, study finds

Starting twice daily flushing of the mucus-lined nasal cavity with a mild saline solution soon after testing positive for COVID-19 can significantly reduce hospitalization and death, researchers report.

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Fix up Earth to exit COVID-19: Critical link between environment, pandemics

Ecosystem restoration can assist in COVID-19 recovery if it is closely integrated with socioeconomic, health and environmental policies, scientists say. The repair of ecosystems as a core public health intervention can reduce the risk of infection and play an integral role in the long-term rehabilitation from COVID-19, which has so far claimed up to 15 million lives globally through direct and indirect infection.

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Muscle models mimic diabetes, inform personalized medicine

Scientists are using in vitro skeletal muscle engineering to gain a better understanding of the complex genetic and environmental factors underlying diabetes, putting lab-grown, healthy skeletal muscle tissues in a state resembling diabetes or growing skeletal muscle from diabetic patients' muscle stem cells. Researchers describe how skeletal muscle engineering has advanced significantly during the past few decades and recent developments that make it easier to explore diabetes in humans and have led to more personalized medicine.

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Muscle models mimic diabetes, inform personalized medicine

Scientists are using in vitro skeletal muscle engineering to gain a better understanding of the complex genetic and environmental factors underlying diabetes, putting lab-grown, healthy skeletal muscle tissues in a state resembling diabetes or growing skeletal muscle from diabetic patients' muscle stem cells. Researchers describe how skeletal muscle engineering has advanced significantly during the past few decades and recent developments that make it easier to explore diabetes in humans and have led to more personalized medicine.

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Daytime eating may benefit mental health

Investigators have designed a study that simulated night work and then tested the effects of daytime and nighttime eating versus daytime eating only. The team found that, among participants in the daytime and nighttime eating group, depression-like mood levels increased by 26 percent and anxiety-like mood levels by 16 percent. Participants in the daytime-only eating group did not experience this increase, suggesting that meal timing may influence mood vulnerability.

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Scientists redefine obesity with discovery of two major subtypes

Scientists have identified two distinct types of obesity with physiological and molecular differences that may have lifelong consequences for health, disease and response to medication. The findings offer a more nuanced understanding of obesity than current definitions and may one day inform more precise ways to diagnose and treat obesity and associated metabolic disorders.

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Researchers model benefits of riverfront forest restoration

Analysis reveals how restoring relatively narrow forest buffers could substantially improve regional water quality and carbon storage in Costa Rica and elsewhere. Such changes could have outsized benefits for vulnerable populations that rely on rivers for their water supply.

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New ice-shedding coating is 100x stronger than others

To combat the hazards of ice, a mechanical engineer has developed a sprayable ice-shedding material that is 100 times stronger than any others. It's been tested by Boeing under erosive rain conditions at 385 miles per hour and outperformed current state-of-the-art aerospace coating technologies.

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Scientists redefine obesity with discovery of two major subtypes

Scientists have identified two distinct types of obesity with physiological and molecular differences that may have lifelong consequences for health, disease and response to medication. The findings offer a more nuanced understanding of obesity than current definitions and may one day inform more precise ways to diagnose and treat obesity and associated metabolic disorders.

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Exercise hormone halts Parkinson's disease symptoms in mouse study

Researchers have shown that a hormone secreted into the blood during endurance, or aerobic, exercise reduces levels of a protein linked to Parkinson's disease and halts movement problems in mice.

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Synapse-related genes in microglia are changed by contextual fear conditioning

Microglia acts as the first line of defense in the central nervous system, constantly scanning for pathogens and abnormalities. Scientists have now demonstrated that microglial genes associated with the synapse -- structures that allow neurons to pass signals to one another -- undergo changes in response to the brain processing traumatic memories.

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Behavioral research: Study reveals that students aren't ideal test subjects

Students are popular test subjects for many studies in behavioral sciences. However, using only students does not reveal the full picture about people in general. In fact, many of the students' decisions in those experiments differ from those of other population groups. These are the findings of a new, extensive study consisting of 36 experiments which was conducted by a team of behavioral scientists.

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In Australia, cockatoos and humans are in an arms race over garbage access

Residents of southern Sydney, Australia have been in a long-term battle over garbage -- humans want to throw it out, and cockatoos want to eat it. The sulphur-crested cockatoos that call the area home have a knack for getting into garbage bins, and people have been using inventive devices to keep them out.

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Exercise hormone halts Parkinson's disease symptoms in mouse study

Researchers have shown that a hormone secreted into the blood during endurance, or aerobic, exercise reduces levels of a protein linked to Parkinson's disease and halts movement problems in mice.

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Synapse-related genes in microglia are changed by contextual fear conditioning

Microglia acts as the first line of defense in the central nervous system, constantly scanning for pathogens and abnormalities. Scientists have now demonstrated that microglial genes associated with the synapse -- structures that allow neurons to pass signals to one another -- undergo changes in response to the brain processing traumatic memories.

from Latest Science News -- ScienceDaily https://ift.tt/jeZTvMI

Behavioral research: Study reveals that students aren't ideal test subjects

Students are popular test subjects for many studies in behavioral sciences. However, using only students does not reveal the full picture about people in general. In fact, many of the students' decisions in those experiments differ from those of other population groups. These are the findings of a new, extensive study consisting of 36 experiments which was conducted by a team of behavioral scientists.

from Latest Science News -- ScienceDaily https://ift.tt/4LCedF5

Treble clef treatment: Music to counter delirium in mechanically ventilated older adults in the ICU

Researcher-clinicians are conducting a multi-site study to establish that music intervention can reduce the likelihood of critically ill, mechanically ventilated older adults in a hospital intensive care unit (ICU) developing delirium and can also improve their post-ICU brain health. The study is one of the first to measure dosage of music exposure as the researchers continue their pioneering exploration of the potential of music to decrease or even prevent delirium.

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Earliest land animals had fewer skull bones than fish -- restricting their evolution, scientists find

The skulls of tetrapods had fewer bones than extinct and living fish, limiting their evolution for millions of years, according to a latest study.

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Is climate change disrupting maritime boundaries?

Coral reef islands and their reefs -- found across in the Indo-Pacific -- naturally grow and shrink due to complex biological and physical processes that have yet to be fully understood. Now, climate change is disrupting them further, leading to new uncertainties for legal maritime zones and small island states. Rising sea levels, coupled with the natural variability of atoll islands and coral reefs, is creating new uncertainty in international law, with geopolitical implications.

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New study identifies how memory of personal interactions declines with age

One of the most upsetting aspects of age-related memory decline is not being able to remember the face that accompanies the name of a person you just talked with hours earlier. While researchers don't understand why this dysfunction occurs, a new study has provided some important new clues.

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T cells that 'nibble' tumors unwittingly help cancer evade the immune response

T cells are capable of killing cancer cells, but tumors have tricks to evade their might. New research details one of these strategies, known as trogocytosis, in which T cells ingest a piece of cancer cell membrane, taking on a bit of cancerous identity. Blocking this process could improve the effectiveness of CAR T cell therapy.

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T cells that 'nibble' tumors unwittingly help cancer evade the immune response

T cells are capable of killing cancer cells, but tumors have tricks to evade their might. New research details one of these strategies, known as trogocytosis, in which T cells ingest a piece of cancer cell membrane, taking on a bit of cancerous identity. Blocking this process could improve the effectiveness of CAR T cell therapy.

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Tumors: Not just a backup -- the dual specificity of UBA6

Researchers have unveiled the crystal structures of UBA6 in complex with either ATP or the ubiquitin-like protein FAT10. These results provide the foundation to study the individual roles of UBA6 towards the attachment of either ubiquitin or FAT10 to target proteins and the downstream cellular pathways with possible implications for the etiology of certain tumors.

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Climate change is affecting drinking water quality

The water stored in reservoirs ensures our supply of drinking water. Good water quality is therefore important -- but is at significant risk due to climate change. In a model study of the Rappbode reservoir in the Harz region, a research team demonstrated how the climate-related disappearance of forests in the catchment area for Germany's largest drinking water reservoir can affect water quality. The problem of such indirect consequences of climate change is seriously underestimated, the scientists warn. Water quality is of critical importance, especially for drinking water reservoirs, as subsequent treatment in the waterworks must continually meet high standards.

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Tumors: Not just a backup -- the dual specificity of UBA6

Researchers have unveiled the crystal structures of UBA6 in complex with either ATP or the ubiquitin-like protein FAT10. These results provide the foundation to study the individual roles of UBA6 towards the attachment of either ubiquitin or FAT10 to target proteins and the downstream cellular pathways with possible implications for the etiology of certain tumors.

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Risk factors for heart disease and stroke largely similar in men and women globally

Women and men share most of the same risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), a large international study has found -- the first such study to include people not only from high income countries, but also from low- and middle-income countries where the burden of CVD is the greatest. The global study assessed risk factors, including metabolic (such as high blood pressure, obesity and diabetes), behavioural (smoking and diet), and psychosocial (economic status and depression) in about 156,000 people without a history of CVD between the ages of 35 and 70. Living in 21 low, middle and high-income countries on five continents, they were followed for an average of 10 years.

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Astronomy: Is over-eating to blame for bulges in Milky Way bar?

A new simulation conducted on the world's most powerful supercomputer dedicated to astronomy has produced a testable scenario to explain the appearance of the bar of the Milky Way. Comparing this scenario to data from current and future space telescopes will help clarify the evolution of our home Galaxy.

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'Jumping gene' found to be strongly linked to depression, fear, and anxiety

In a multidisciplinary study that combines molecular biology with neuroscience, researchers have found that Tob gene plays an important role in reducing depression, fear, and anxiety.

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'Jumping gene' found to be strongly linked to depression, fear, and anxiety

In a multidisciplinary study that combines molecular biology with neuroscience, researchers have found that Tob gene plays an important role in reducing depression, fear, and anxiety.

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Ecological tipping point: 5+ El Niño events per century controls coastal biotic communities

Many models predict that climate change will fuel stronger and more frequent El Niño events. However, our knowledge of ENSO and its influence on ecosystems only extends back about 200 years, making it difficult to understand what the long-term future will hold. In the new study, the authors leveraged a coastal rockshelter site called Abrigo de los Escorpiones, one of the largest and best-dated collections of vertebrate bones deposited by humans and raptors on the Pacific coast of North America. Their analysis revealed a striking pattern -- when five or more major El Niño events occurred per century, the marine and terrestrial ecosystems restructured dramatically to a sustained phase of low marine productivity and high terrestrial productivity.

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Study unearths ancient reef structure high and dry on the Nullarbor Plain

Researchers using advanced satellite imagery have discovered an ancient reef-like landform 'hidden' in plain view on the Nullarbor Plain, which has been preserved for millions of years since it first formed when the Plain was underwater.

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Modern humans generate more brain neurons than Neanderthals

The question of what makes modern humans unique has long been a driving force for researchers. Comparisons with our closest relatives, the Neanderthals, therefore provide fascinating insights. The increase in brain size, and in neuron production during brain development, are considered to be major factors for the increased cognitive abilities that occurred during human evolution. However, while both Neanderthals and modern humans develop brains of similar size, very little is known about whether modern human and Neanderthal brains may have differed in terms of their neuron production during development. Researchers now show that the modern human variant of the protein TKTL1, which differs by only a single amino acid from the Neanderthal variant, increases one type of brain progenitor cells, called basal radial glia, in the modern human brain.

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Family ties: Inherited genetic variants increase risk of Hodgkin lymphoma

Scientists have completed the largest study of families affected by Hodgkin lymphoma and identified novel variants linked to cancer predisposition.

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Family ties: Inherited genetic variants increase risk of Hodgkin lymphoma

Scientists have completed the largest study of families affected by Hodgkin lymphoma and identified novel variants linked to cancer predisposition.

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The way you talk to your child about math matters

'You're so smart!' -- This encouraging response may actually do more harm than good to children's math performance, according to a new study. The study found that encouraging children with responses related to their personal traits or innate abilities may dampen their math motivation and achievement over time.

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Simple animal model reveals how environment and state are integrated to control behavior

A new neuroscience study shows how stimuli and states such as smells, stressors and satiety converge in an olfactory neuron to guide food-seeking behavior in the model organism C. elegans.

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The way you talk to your child about math matters

'You're so smart!' -- This encouraging response may actually do more harm than good to children's math performance, according to a new study. The study found that encouraging children with responses related to their personal traits or innate abilities may dampen their math motivation and achievement over time.

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Psychological distress before COVID-19 infection increases risk of long COVID

Depression, anxiety, worry, perceived stress, and loneliness measured early in the pandemic, before infection with COVID-19, were associated with up to 45% increased risk of developing long COVID. Distress was more strongly associated with developing long COVID than physical health risk factors such as obesity, asthma, and hypertension. The increased risk associated with distress was not explained by health behaviors, such as smoking, or by physical health conditions, like asthma.

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COVID face masks don't impair most social interaction, study suggests

A new study debunks the idea that wearing a mask to slow the spread of disease damages most everyday social exchanges.

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Growing numbers of Native American households in Nevada face plumbing poverty, water quality problems

A growing number of Native American households in Nevada have no access to indoor plumbing, a condition known as 'plumbing poverty,' according to a new study.

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COVID face masks don't impair most social interaction, study suggests

A new study debunks the idea that wearing a mask to slow the spread of disease damages most everyday social exchanges.

from Top Health News -- ScienceDaily https://ift.tt/FI86xGg

Coupling of electron-hole pairs

Physicists have succeeded in coupling different types of electron-hole pairs (excitons) in the van der Waals material molybdenum disulfide. This successful coupling allows them to utilize and control the different properties of the two types of electron-hole pairs -- and could pave the way for the production of a novel source of individual particles of light (photons).

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Cooling away the pain: Researchers develop bioresorbable, implantable device to block pain signals from peripheral nerves

Researchers test the efficacy of a soft, bioresorbable, implantable device to block pain signals from sciatic nerves of rat models.

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Overall warming of up to 5°C in this century projected for the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East

Unprecedented and societally disruptive extreme weather events, including heat waves, droughts, dust storms and torrential rains, will soon become a reality unless immediate, ambitious, and transboundary climate action is taken, according to a new report.

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Scientists develop model that adjusts videogame difficulty based on player emotions

Scientists have developed a novel approach for dynamic difficulty adjustment where the players' emotions are estimated using in-game data, and the difficulty level is tweaked accordingly to maximize player satisfaction. Their efforts could contribute to balancing the difficulty of games and making them more appealing to all types of players.

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Data from Israel: myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccines remain rare, highest risk in young males

An examination of data of people who received the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in Israel found males 14 to 30 years of age were the most susceptible to myocarditis after a second or third dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, however, the overall risk remains relatively low. Among males ages 16 to 19 years, approximately 1 in 15,000 developed myocarditis after a booster dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. All confirmed cases of myocarditis were mild and resolved after a short hospital stay (average of 3.5 days), and no hospital readmissions were reported in the following 90 days.

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Data from Israel: myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccines remain rare, highest risk in young males

An examination of data of people who received the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in Israel found males 14 to 30 years of age were the most susceptible to myocarditis after a second or third dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, however, the overall risk remains relatively low. Among males ages 16 to 19 years, approximately 1 in 15,000 developed myocarditis after a booster dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. All confirmed cases of myocarditis were mild and resolved after a short hospital stay (average of 3.5 days), and no hospital readmissions were reported in the following 90 days.

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How tardigrades bear dehydration

Some species of tardigrades, or water bears as the tiny aquatic creatures are also known, can survive in different environments often hostile or even fatal to most forms of life. For the first time, researchers describe a new mechanism that explains how some tardigrades can endure extreme dehydration without dying. They explored proteins that form a gel during cellular dehydration. This gel stiffens to support and protect the cells from mechanical stress that would otherwise kill them. These proteins have also been shown to work in insect cells and even show limited functionality in human cultured cells.

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High blood pressure awareness, control improved with better access to primary health care

In a study of both socioeconomically disadvantaged and socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods, better access to primary health care was associated with improved high blood pressure awareness and control. These associations existed whether residents lived in socioeconomically disadvantaged or socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods. The study's findings suggest that regardless of where people live, they may benefit from blood pressure control programs that increase access to primary health care.

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Frequency of premenstrual anxiety, mood swings a public health issue, study finds

Premenstrual mood swings and anxiety are so common -- experienced by more than 64% of women -- that they represent a 'key public health issue globally,' according to a new study.

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Scientists develop new method to faster -- and more accurately -- find antigens that trigger specific immune cells

A new approach, which mimics the physical forces exerted by immune cells as they crawl over host cells, could help scientists develop more effective cancer immunotherapies.

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Scientists develop new method to faster -- and more accurately -- find antigens that trigger specific immune cells

A new approach, which mimics the physical forces exerted by immune cells as they crawl over host cells, could help scientists develop more effective cancer immunotherapies.

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Bronchodilators don't improve smoking-related respiratory symptoms in people without COPD

Researchers have found that dual bronchodilators -- long-lasting inhalers that relax the airways and make it easier to breathe -- do little to help people who do not have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but who do have respiratory symptoms and a history of smoking.

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Bronchodilators don't improve smoking-related respiratory symptoms in people without COPD

Researchers have found that dual bronchodilators -- long-lasting inhalers that relax the airways and make it easier to breathe -- do little to help people who do not have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but who do have respiratory symptoms and a history of smoking.

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Simple measures can go a long way to combating air pollution in schools

Most UK primary schools experience levels of pollution which exceed the safe levels set out by the World Health Organization, yet simple measures can cut outdoor and indoor exposure of toxins by almost half, according to a new study.

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Research unlocks secrets of rodents' rat race to new lands

New research has mapped the DNA from more than 150 species of native rodents from across Australia, New Guinea and Melanesian islands, painting a clearer picture of how they're related and how they ended up spreading across the Pacific.

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Can 'random noise' unlock our learning potential?

Though many of us may seek a quiet place in which to study, 'noise' may play a key role in helping some people improve their learning potential.

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A novel approach to creating tailored odors and fragrances using machine learning

Can we use machine learning methods to predict the sensing data of odor mixtures and design new smells? A new study does just that. The novel method is bound to have applications in the food, health, beauty, and wellness industries, where odors and fragrances are of keen interest.

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COVID-19: U.S. life expectancy continued to decrease in 2021, study finds

An updated analysis of American COVID-19 deaths throughout 2021 highlights a continued drop in overall life expectancy as well as persistent disparities by race and ethnicity.

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Scientists find cold spells in the tropics increase heart attack risk

Even a small temperature drop in the tropical climate of Singapore increases the risk of heart attack among people aged 65 and above.

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Low testosterone may increase risk of COVID-19 hospitalization for men

Men with low testosterone who develop COVID-19 are at elevated risk of becoming seriously ill and ending up in the hospital, according to a new study.

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Study raises red flags about corporatization of health care, researcher says

New research reveals private equity firms that acquire physician-owned medical practices appear to be imposing measures to squeeze out more profits. It's not clear whether these practices hurt clinical outcomes for patients. However, the findings raise concerning parallels with the rapid growth of private equity acquisition of nursing homes and hospital systems.

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Study raises red flags about corporatization of health care, researcher says

New research reveals private equity firms that acquire physician-owned medical practices appear to be imposing measures to squeeze out more profits. It's not clear whether these practices hurt clinical outcomes for patients. However, the findings raise concerning parallels with the rapid growth of private equity acquisition of nursing homes and hospital systems.

from Top Health News -- ScienceDaily https://ift.tt/TqZMLob

Structure of protein RAF1 revealed: A key step in the development of new drugs against lung cancer

About 30,000 cases of lung cancer occur in Spain each year. Mutations in KRAS oncogenes account for 10-15% of these cases, a subgroup against which there are still no effective therapies. Researchers have succeeded in determining the structure of the RAF1 protein, a therapeutic target against cancers associated with KRAS oncogenes.

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Double burden of paid and unpaid labor leading to poorer mental health in women, review finds

Women still do the bulk of unpaid work at home while also holding down a job. A new review finds this double burden is taking a toll on their mental health.

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New study links ultra-processed foods and colorectal cancer in men

A new study links men who consumed high rates of ultra-processed foods to a 29% higher risk for developing colorectal cancer than men who consumed much smaller amounts. The researchers did not find the same association in women.

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Double burden of paid and unpaid labor leading to poorer mental health in women, review finds

Women still do the bulk of unpaid work at home while also holding down a job. A new review finds this double burden is taking a toll on their mental health.

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People generate their own oxidation field and change the indoor air chemistry around them

High levels of hydroxyl radicals (OH) can be generated indoors, simply due to the presence of people and ozone.

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New study links ultra-processed foods and colorectal cancer in men

A new study links men who consumed high rates of ultra-processed foods to a 29% higher risk for developing colorectal cancer than men who consumed much smaller amounts. The researchers did not find the same association in women.

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Astronomers show how terrain evolves on icy comets

With an eye toward a possible return mission years in the future, Cornell University astronomers have shown how smooth terrains -- a good place to land a spacecraft and to scoop up samples -- evolve on the icy world of comets.

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